Preview

The Two Shopkeepers- Kantian Ethics and Consequentialism

Good Essays
Open Document
Open Document
1091 Words
Grammar
Grammar
Plagiarism
Plagiarism
Writing
Writing
Score
Score
The Two Shopkeepers- Kantian Ethics and Consequentialism
Liza G

Prof. Williams

Ethics

21 November 2011

The Two Shopkeepers

One of the several topics covered in Kant’s Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals is the issued of two shopkeepers. One shopkeeper is honest with his customers in order to maintain a positive reputation and improve profits. The second one is honest because he thinks it is right and exercises his respect for the moral law. The first shopkeeper is motivated to be honest by the rewards of a positive reputation and profit. The second is motivated by respect for morally right action. Taking these motivations into consideration from the standpoint of Kantian ethics, it is clear which shopkeeper is acting right. Kant believes that actions that are consistent with moral law, yet motivated for desires for happiness or pleasure are absent of moral worth. One reason he concludes this can be seen in Groundwork where he introduces the idea of the categorical imperative. This idea contains two formulas, the first one states that one ought to “act only according to that maxim by which you can at the same time will that it should be a universal law” (Singer 274). In other words, if ones principle, or maxim, behind what they are doing is something they would be willing to make a universal law, it is a good action. The first shopkeeper’s motivation to be honest is inconsistent with this formula, as their maxim of being honest is purely selfish, and it would not be effective if willed to a universal law. This is because it fails the concept of reversibility, for in an ideal society one would want others to treat him according to what the other person is doing. In this case, society would not function in the sense of moral rightness because if everyone acted honest to each other for solely their benefit, no one could trust anyone else or assume they are acting out of respect for the moral law. Since the first shopkeeper’s action fails the notion of reversibility, it also fails the

You May Also Find These Documents Helpful

  • Satisfactory Essays

    Respiration Lab

    • 717 Words
    • 3 Pages

    The objective of this lab was to figure out which has a higher cell respiration rate between crayfish and elodea. In order to figure this out we first set up three beakers to represent our control, elodea and crayfish and filled them with 75mL of culture solution which were dechlorinated making the solution acidic. We then had to place both the elodea and the crayfish in separate beakers filled with 25mL of water. The increase in volume of the water would represent the volume of the two test subjects. We then covered each beaker with plastic, but for the elodea we placed it under a can so it could be in the dark. After waiting 15 minutes to allow them to respire we took it out and add four drops of phenolphthalein, which was also acidic, to both beakers. Once both beakers got their four drops we added drops of NaOH, which was a base, until the solution turned pink. Our results were that the respiration rate of the crayfish was higher than the elodea.…

    • 717 Words
    • 3 Pages
    Satisfactory Essays
  • Good Essays

    This was the basis of the moral economy: honesty and fairness in the workplace and market and…

    • 2365 Words
    • 3 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Good Essays

    There is an old saying that it is better to be lucky than good. This may be true if a person is always lucky, but luck sometimes has a tendency to run out. Making decisions that affect other people’s lives based on luck can be sometimes dangerous, and usually ethically questionable. Leaders who routinely depend on luck for success may find themselves relying on other questionable actions, such as lying, cheating, or stealing, to ensure luck stays on their side. Additionally, this type of behavior may force subordinates to make ethically questionable decisions when luck begins to run out.…

    • 1512 Words
    • 7 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Powerful Essays

    When looking to Kant’s ethics, we can see two main strands derive from his studies, nameably the Categorical Imperative and the Hypothetical imperative. With regards the Hypothetical Imperative, this can be laid out as ‘doing A to get B’, and so is performing an action in order to gain something else as an end. This contrasts what Kant believes to be moral, the Categorical imperative, set out as ‘do A’, and therefore in principle would suggest that you should not seek reward from our actions but rather treat people as ends in themselves, as a pose to using them as means to an end. This is what Kant refers to as summun bonum, otherwise referred to as ‘goodwill’. According to him, someone of goodwill is not good because of what they achieve or accomplish, but rather because they act out of duty. This is outlined in Kant’s…

    • 2219 Words
    • 9 Pages
    Powerful Essays
  • Satisfactory Essays

    Immanuel Kant was a German philosopher from the 18th century who is well known as an essential person in philosophy today. He has made the argument that there are a set of essential ideas that structure human experience and is the source of morality. His thought continues to have a major influence in contemporary thought, especially the fields of metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, political philosophy, and aesthetics. Kant’s theory on morality as often been criticized on being too…

    • 78 Words
    • 1 Page
    Satisfactory Essays
  • Better Essays

    In this analytical paper I’ll be analyzing a scenario about a five year old girl who is in renal failure and is in need of a kidney transplant. In this the father is the only one compatible with her, but he does not want to donate his kidney to save her life. The scenario will be analyzed through the deontological/Kantian and the consequentialist/utilitarian viewpoints in ethical decision making. It’ll also be analyzed by deciding which perspective would be relevant and a discussion of what I as a doctor would do following the ethical view point of my choice.…

    • 1138 Words
    • 5 Pages
    Better Essays
  • Good Essays

    Immanuel Kant would never condone Scott’s behavior to use Bailey in the way he did. He would have called Scott’s actions immoral and unethical. Kant’s theory indicated that, “we should never use people” and “everyone, no matter who they are, should be both the legislator and the follower of moral laws” (Ciulla 95). He similarly stated, “For all rational beings stand under the law that each of them should treat himself and all others never merely as a means but always at the same time as an end in himself” (Ciulla 107). Kant would feel that it was Scott’s duty to make decisions without using another person as simply a means to an end, and that people should be treated as ends in themselves. By Scott attempting to make Bailey do these unethical…

    • 197 Words
    • 1 Page
    Good Essays
  • Good Essays

    For Immanuel Kant, guilt is considered a necessary condition for punishment and judicial punishment can never be used merely as a means to promote some other good for the criminal himself or civil society. He argues that, an offender must first be found to be deserving of punishment before any consideration is given to the utility of punishment for himself or his fellow citizens. In this view, utilitarian concerns can never justify the punishment of an innocent person while guilt itself demands punishment even where punishment is entirely devoid of social utility. Therefore, again we observe that the best action is the one that maximizes utility and can be applied in various ways, but most commonly relates to the maintenance of healthy emotional…

    • 392 Words
    • 2 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Good Essays

    From the way that Kant has been interpreted as a constructivist under the standard model, as Wood’s revealed, one can remark three points about this approach: Overemphasizing on the Formula of Universal Law (FUL), Conception of Value, Conception of Autonomy.…

    • 480 Words
    • 2 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Good Essays

    This essay aims to argue the views of two different theorist, Jeremy Bentham and Immanuel Kant, with regards to their views on moral worth of an action. The idea of good and bad creates heated debates among many, but this essay will successfully unravel the layers of Bentham’s theory of Utilitarianism and his belief that all our motives are driven by pleasure and pain. While arguing Kant’s opposing argument that moral worth of an act revolves around democratic attitudes, and that moral truths are founded on reasons that is logical to all people. When one breaks down both theories, it occurs that Kant’s theory comes out to be the more sensible one in numerous aspects.…

    • 281 Words
    • 2 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Good Essays

    Kant believed that we could act on desires or on reason. He used the case of a shopkeeper and a reluctant benefactor to illustrate this. In the case of the shopkeeper, the shopkeeper’s purpose was to make an easy profit and his means of doing so was to shortchange his customers. His actions were not done out of duty but out of self-interest. He says, “Hence the action was done neither from duty nor from immediate inclination, but merely for a selfish purpose”(986). In contrast, the reluctant benefactor—being a person that has no desire to act on something—just does it because it’s the right thing to do.…

    • 544 Words
    • 3 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Good Essays

    Kant's Ethical Theory

    • 698 Words
    • 3 Pages

    Fraud is generally defined as an omission of a material fact or a misrepresentation of the truth, intended for personal gain or to cause loss to another party. The act of fraud is most commonly committed in order to deprive another of money, property, or a legal right. Fraud is considered criminal activity, and anyone who is affected by a fraudulent act has the ability to file a lawsuit to collect damages. J.C. Penny was accused of marking up the prices on their products and then discounting them to the original price in order to trick customers into thinking they were receiving heavy discounts and better deals. J.C. Penny committed this act for their own personal gain, and in doing so, they deprived their customers of money that they would…

    • 698 Words
    • 3 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Good Essays

    Kant philosophy has contributed in development of "pure" moral philosophy, a "metaphysics of morals" that is based on the concepts of reason, not on empirical observations. According to his philosophy moral obligations are applicable to all human beings as it applies not only for particular person in particular situation, but also to all rational beings in all circumstances.…

    • 477 Words
    • 2 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Good Essays

    Kant And Utilitarianism

    • 730 Words
    • 3 Pages

    According to Kant, he believes that the only thing unconditionally good is good will. Good will is the idea of people having to do ones moral duty. Kant’s ethical theories are based off of the categorical imperatives. Categorical imperatives, as stated during class, act only on those rules that you can rationally will to be universal. In response to Kant’s theory, I believe that good will is not the only thing that is unconditionally good. I believe this because there will be many instances in life where having a good will can lead to tragic situations.…

    • 730 Words
    • 3 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Good Essays

    kant

    • 634 Words
    • 3 Pages

    Kant’s diagnoses the human condition as human’s frailty and impurity when distinguishing between one’s self interested inclinations and moral duty. Humans were “…finite beings with our individual needs…yet we [were] also rational beings, and for Kant that include[d]…the recognition of moral obligations” (Stevenson and Haberman p.155). The contrast and ever-apparent strain between these opposing sides of human nature fuel Kant’s diagnosis of human’s frailty. In Kant’s conception of human reason and action, he distinguished between categorical and hypothetical imperatives which displayed the human struggles regarding what decisions were morally right. Self interested desires, “…which involve[ed] only the selection of means to satisfy one’s own desire” (p.151) could be defined as a hypothetical imperative. However, categorical imperative claims “…that morality is fundamentally a function of [one’s] reason, not just [one’s] feelings” (p.151). Knowing what was morally right and doing what was morally right was the depravity of human nature, the choice of choosing one’s own happiness over their obligations to those who surround them. The desire for instant gratification from any action hinders human’s consideration of longer-term self-interest. The difficulty arises when the one must decide to postpone immediate satisfaction in the interest of future goals; a “…balance to strike between living for the moment and planning for the future….” (p.155) must be reached. Human’s struggles with moral decisions and personal gain exemplify their…

    • 634 Words
    • 3 Pages
    Good Essays