Even though each soldier would have been involved in some form of continual conflict with serving on the front-line (trench rapids, snipers, shelling), it is possible to distinguish major battles (or pushes) whose names have gone down in history as some of the bloodiest conflicts ever waged. There were many battles that took place during the war but the most remembered were the five major battles. Those battles are, The Battle of Marne (1914 and 1918), The Battle of Verdun (1916), The Battle of Ypres (1914, 1915, and 1917), The Battle of the Somme (1916), and The Battle of Cambrai (1917). This paper will explain the pros and cons and major details of each battle.…
Source B3 was written by Fred Pearson, a private on the Western Front, writing a letter to a local newspaper in 1966. He said “The biggest murderer of the lot was Haig” describing how he stupidly sent soldiers to die, in the source he says how Haig “lived almost 50km behind the line” in the source with this quote he basically described Haig as a coward who didn’t know what the trenches were like. Source B2 is reliable because of the fact that it was written by a Private who was at the Somme during the battle, so in that respect he had a firsthand view of the battlefield. However the Source is also not reliable because of the fact that it was written 50 years after the Somme so the author could have forgotten some of the details, on top of that the fact that he wrote it for a newspaper so he could have over-exaggerated to get his story published.…
This eventually showed unsuccessful in moderating the well-entrenched defenders. On 19th July 1916 at 6pm, the 5th Australian and 61st British Divisions troops attacked and suffered severely from the hands of German machine gunners. The 8th and 14th Australian Brigades managed to take over minor portions of the German trenches, however exposed to violent counter attacks and lacking of nearby support, they were soon strained to withdraw. The battle of Fromelles ending at 8am on 20th July 1916, was recorded to have suffered a total loss of 5,533 In the 5th Australian Division and 1,547 sufferers in the 61st British Division. As to the Australians that were suffering from tremendous amounts of losses in one night; it was recorded to be the foulest 24hrs in Australia’s armed history. However, the German fatalities were little more than 1,000. Overall, the battle of Fromelles ended up being a complete disaster as the German troops comprehended within just a few hours that it was purely just a trick. Hence took negative effect in any way to the advancement of the Somme…
The Battle of the Somme took place during 1916 to take pressure off the French at Verdun and the Russians on the Eastern Front. The French were under heavy fire at Verdun and had been since February, and the army itself was close to cracking. The Russians had fought gallantly on the Eastern Front to try and avert the German Forces away from the Western Front. After launching many small offensives the Russians had gained very little ground for the amount of lives lost. This essay is going to explore; 1st Day of the Battle of the Somme, the Pals Battalions used during the Battle and the tactics developed after the Battle of the Somme was over. Each of these key areas contribute because the first day of the Battle of the Somme had the highest casualty rate the British Army had ever suffered, Pals Battalions were inexperienced in the art of battle, and the tactic used before the battle were inconclusive in helping with the battle overall.…
A direct witness Fred Pearson, who was a private on the Western Front , holds a letter to a local newspaper during 1966 (Source B3). He says in the letter “The biggest murderer of the lot was Haig” this quote supports the view of British generals being incompetent. Debates still rage about Haigs tactics at the Battle of the Somme, when 20,000 men were killed on the first day alone. He also talks about his wrong decisions where he…
Douglas Haig was a General during World War One. There is much controversy over General Haig’s reputation due to the high level of losses during his battles in command. Many people agree with David Lloyd George’s attitude of Haig and many other British Generals of World War One. They are said to be “donkeys”, incompetents who sent the “lions” (the soldier) into futile bloody battles. Many popular books, films and television programs also agree with David Lloyd George. The sad truth, however, was between two evenly matched opponents, that there was no other way of solving the conflict.…
On the 1st July 1916, the battle of the Somme began. Sources A, D, E and F suggest that the Battle of The Somme wasn’t a total failure. However, Sources B and C suggest that the British underestimated the Germans and this was the cause of their massacre.…
Due to a major military blunder, which landed the troops on the wrong beach, the proposed flat land assault to the Dardanelles was instead an impossible "uphill battle". "The soldiers found themselves in territory which was the complete opposite of what they had prepared for." "Thus making themselves easy targets for the Turks, who were quickly asserting their dominant position from high up in the cliffs." (Skwirk.com.au...) After the first day alone the troops had suffered 2 300 casualties and covered only 900 metres. Despite this they obediently stuck to their orders and held their ground. These facts prove that the landing in ANZAC cove was a disaster and the only way for the military to keep face was to eulogize the story, making people believe it was all heroic in the name of war...…
In the late summer of 1916, tens of thousands of men marched off to the muddy grounds of the Somme. In their wake, they left behind their wives and children, many of whom they would never see again. Those who did return would come back traumatized, frightened of loud noises and too afraid to step outside, empty shells of the men they once were. But their sacrifices were not in vain; the Somme was, unquestionably, the most important battle for both Canada and the World. It encouraged the development of new tactics that would be used effectively in other battles, served to improve Canada’s reputation as a formidable foe, lowered enemy morale significantly, and the horrible conditions encouraged critical questioning of the glory of war.…
Good planning and leadership alone would not win this impending attack. Allied deception tactics would also aid the efforts of the Americans, British, and Canadians. Adolf Hitler and many other German leaders believed the assault would come in the Pas de Calais…
Their guarded trenches protected them from Britain’s irrational attack. Britain’s determination to gain the Germans trenches hurt them more than it the enemy. Correspondent of The Daily Express John D. Irvine wrote that the British attacked with vigor and eagerness on the first assault, hurling as much…
The Battle of Verdun was in Feb – Nove 1916. “They shall not pass” is the saying aligned with it. It involved generals, Falkenhayn for Germany and Petain for France. It was Germany’s aim to “bleed the French white” through a war of attrition. Using heavy artillery bombardment and diphosgene gas. It resulted in an early German advance later re won by France. The failures of Verdun lead to Falkenhayn replaced by Hindenburg and Ludendorff. Another battle was the Battle of the Somme. This was from July – Nov 1916. It is in the Guinness book of records as it has record numbers of casualties. General Haig was involved. The aim being to break through and relieve France at Verdun. They used artillery assaults and creeping barrage tanks. Another battle was the Battle of Passchendaele. This was between Julys – Nov 1917. It is known for the mud. It was also with General Haig. The aim was to gain control of the seaports and draw pressure off France. The use of heavy artillery bombardment. The result was only a small territorial gain and the opportunity to send reserves after a breakthrough at Cambrai. There were also attempts made beyond the Western Front, these included places like Gallipoli. There was the naval blockade, which saw Germany launch its unrestricted submarine warfare and peace movements such as Papal peace note to reduce arms and the women’s peace…
Two of these lessons clearly stand out: Overconfident leadership, and ignoring the intelligence. There was clearly a lack of communication, coordination, and planning at all echelons. Information sharing is key to plan such a large scale airborne operation that involved numerous airborne and ground units. No matter how much of the operation was planned, if the information is being stovepipe, then the mission is doomed for failure. In Market Garden senior leadership jockeyed for position and assets; therefore sparred amongst themselves. I truly believe these leadership errors lead to ignoring the intelligence. Regardless of the Germans will or lack thereof to fight, their sheer numbers on the ground were much larger than what Montgomery wanted to truly believe. Logistical lines suffered with limited maneuverable passages; but more importantly because of all these issues, not all the bridges to Arnhem were secured in time for Garden to advance to Arnhem. Market Garden will be one of the most analyzed operations in history not only due to its failure, but also for its the overzealous leadership and the rush to end the…
In 1916 witnessed the commencement of the battle of the Somme. Through the course of that one battle, a million British men were slaughtered compared to the combined number of American casualties in both the first and Second World War. The Battle of the Somme was planned as a joint French and British operation, approved by Haig. However, the German attack on Verdun in February 1916 turned the Somme offensive into a large-scale British attack. Haig accepted responsibility for the action and with the help of Rawlinson who devised his own plan of attack. The vital part of Haig's strategy was an eight-day attack to destroy the German defenses. Soldiers were lined up according to battlefield strategies, and led by major officers. The blood of the nations was poured into conditions of such horror and violence. “Lions led by donkeys”, was how the German soldiers referred to their British counterpart. Ever since the end of WW1 in 1918 which was won by the British allies against the Germans it has been hugely debated whether the phrase 'Lions Led by Donkeys' is correct. In this essay I am going to talk about the extent of which the phrase was a fair description of what had happened at the battle of the Somme, by looking at different people’s point of view about General Haig.…
Slightly before the Battle of the Somme, the Germans launched a…