Preview

Tularemia

Good Essays
Open Document
Open Document
350 Words
Grammar
Grammar
Plagiarism
Plagiarism
Writing
Writing
Score
Score
Tularemia
F.tularensis, the causative agent of tularemia, is a small, aerobic nonmotile, gram-negative cocco-bacillus. Tularemia also known as rabbit fever and deer fly fever is a zoonotic disease that humans typically acquire after skin or mucous membrane contact with tissues or body fluids of infected animals, or from bites of infected ticks (Pal,2007). Tularemia was recognized in Japan in the early 1800’s and in Russia in 1926. Tularemia as a biological weapon is the difficulty in culturing and growing these bacteria, however, it can be isolated from infected organisms. In addition, it has been weaponized by the United States and Soviet Union in the past and can be easily disseminated through aerosol release (Alibek, 1999).Tularemia could be used …show more content…
Most of those affected could present with a nonspe¬cific febrile illness 3 to 5 days after exposure depending on the inoculum of expo¬sure and would subsequently develop pulmonary symptoms consistent with pneumonic tularemia (Dennis et al, 2001). However, because of the aforementioned difficulties in tularemia diagnosis and the nonspecific clinical presentation, the determination of tularemia as the causative agent may be delayed. The initial presen¬tation of cases may be difficult to distinguish from a natural influenza outbreak or other respiratory pathogens (Dennis et al, 2001). Tularemia may also be confused with another biological weapon. Epidemiological clues to distinguish tularemia from plague or anthrax is the clinical course slower with tularemia, case fatality rate, higher with plague(Inglesbyetal, 2000) and pos¬sibly the pattern of pulmonary manifestations ob¬served on chest radiograph, such as the large pleural effusions and mediastinal widening characteristic of inhalational anthrax. Pulmonary tularemia may be difficult to distinguish from Q fever, another potential biological weapon agent (Inglesby et al,

You May Also Find These Documents Helpful

  • Powerful Essays

    The air is a complex mixture of dust, sediment, and airborne pathogens. Case study 49 dealt with the identification of unknown harmful pathogens that inhabit the upper respiratory tract. Haemophilus species, Bordetella species, and Corynebacteria diphtheria are common causative agents of upper respiratory illness and served as a lead for this investigation.…

    • 1347 Words
    • 6 Pages
    Powerful Essays
  • Good Essays

    Influenza A: A Case Study

    • 528 Words
    • 3 Pages

    13-year-old female patient initially inpatient treated at a peripheral Children's Hospital with respiratory symptoms since a few days as part of an infection of the upper airways. Rapid respiratory worsening in the clinical course with the need for intubation. Influenza A was positively detected. During the intubation a temporary resuscitation was needed. Continuously increasing of catecholamine and ventilation requirements post intubation (PIP = 40 cmH2O, PEEP = 15 cmH2O, FiO2 = 100%). For an escalation of treatment due to the clinical presentation of fulminant septic shock due to the basis of an influenza infection (CrP 354 mg/l, Procalcitonin 3855 µg/l, Leukocytes 6,600/µl), the patient was taking over to our pediatric intensive care unit.…

    • 528 Words
    • 3 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Good Essays

    Also known as Valley fever is an infection that is caused by the fungi Coccidioides. The fungus grows in soil found in the southwestern part of the United States as well as Mexico and Central/South America. Those living in these designated areas can contract this disease by inhaling the fungal spores in the air. This is considered a self limiting respiratory infection so most individuals that are infected present with mild to no symptoms at all. A patient with this disease can present with the following signs and symptoms anywhere from 1-3 weeks after breathing in the fungal spores due to its incubation period of 10-16 days. The symptoms consist of, fatigue, cough, SOB, fever, chills, HA, night sweats, muscle aches/joint pain, rash on the upper body or legs (erythema nodosum). These symptoms can last 7-30 days or up to several months depending on the severity. In regards to patient history, it is important to get a travel history especially if they went to an endemic area to determine their risk of exposure. Some exam findings could be respiratory manifestations such as rales, rhonchi, bronchial breath sounds, or decreased breath sounds. Skin findings could consist of diffuse, maculopapular rashes or urticaria that may progress to erythema nodosum or erythema multiforme after 3-21 days. Abscess formation can also be found on PE and unifocal bone or joint lesions if MS involvement. It can involve several organs such as the spleen, liver, lymph nodes, and the CNS can be involved resulting in meningitis.…

    • 463 Words
    • 2 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Better Essays

    Indiana Jones Views on God

    • 1034 Words
    • 5 Pages

    "Anthrax." X-plain Patient Education. The Patient Educstion Institute, 15 Oct 2012. Web. 11 Apr 2013.…

    • 1034 Words
    • 5 Pages
    Better Essays
  • Powerful Essays

    This Paper is a study on biological weapons. It will touch on how and why they are manufactured. There is an emphasis on smallpox and whether it could be used as a weapon of mass destruction by terrorist in the near future. A brief history on smallpox and how it was previously used as a biological weapon will be detailed, along with facts from the World Health Organization (WHO). This paper will examine the necessity for a vaccination against the smallpox disease. It will state the facts about smallpox and how it can become a menace to society and cause affect as many as a nation and go undetected until it is too late.…

    • 1244 Words
    • 5 Pages
    Powerful Essays
  • Good Essays

    Duncan Influenza In 1918

    • 756 Words
    • 4 Pages

    What she hopes to find is a live virus of the Spanish Flu; if they do not find the virus, she hopes that they can at least recover the virus’s genetic footprint or the RNA residue. This sample will then be compared to every major influenza sample in the world’s virological centers. No one ever kept a sample of the virus in 1918, so the only way to know more about the virus, is to find the virus. The first case of the Spanish Flu occurred on March 4, 1918 in Kansas. In only one month the flu had spread to almost all of America and Europe, but quickly subsided. A month later the flu resurfaced, mutated, and had become a killer. The virus then spread virtually all over the world killing between twenty and forty million people. Normal influenzas infect the inner lining of the respiratory tract damaging the air-filled cells of the lungs known as alveoli. The Spanish Flu was much worse making the lungs very hard and red. This flu was causing people to drown by filling the alveoli with fluid. Patients would suffer from cyanosis or discoloration of the skin and would have mahogany spots on their cheek bones that sometimes spread all over the…

    • 756 Words
    • 4 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Good Essays

    Anthrax Informative Speech

    • 1054 Words
    • 5 Pages

    Anthrax can occur naturally as spores on animal hides and can be treated with antibiotics, but a weaponized strain may be immune to the medicines and it becomes much deadlier. The main types of infection are inhalation, gastrointestinal (eating the spores on food), wound, and the newest type found injection. Inhalation is the deadliest and most common, symptoms can mimic that of a cold with fever and chills, shortness of breath, a cough, nausea/ vomiting, a headache, and tiredness. With ingestion, the symptoms are the same with swelling of the neck, sore throat, painful swallowing, flushing (also called red face), and bloody vomiting. Finally injection and wound anthrax symptoms include, small blisters around the injection/ wound area, after that a painless skin sore appears around the same area with swelling (“Anthrax”). The reason why Anthrax kills is because it can cause pneumonia and blood infection. Pneumonia occurs when the lungs air sacs fill with fluid and restrict oxygen flow. Anthrax exists as inactive spores that live in the soil and animal hides. Once these spores come into the lungs the bacteria can grow and cause an infection(“Anthrax (Bacillus Anthracis)”). Weaponized anthrax has been used in the USA as recently as 2001. A single strain of anthrax was put in letters and sent to government officials in response to the 911 attacks. 22 people were infected…

    • 1054 Words
    • 5 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Good Essays

    Lastly influenza killed 40 million people worldwide. The symptoms of influenza are sore throats, headaches, loss of appetite and blood poisoning. A large percentage of people died from this disease, once infected. It takes 3 days for the person to die. Influenza was transmitted by air. It was very bad…

    • 396 Words
    • 2 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Powerful Essays

    Throughout history, there have been significant pandemics that have left a great impact on humankind. The first influenza pandemic to occur took place in 1918-1919. This pandemic was later classified as the Spanish influenza A H1N1. Successive outbreaks of influenza had occurred almost simultaneously throughout North America, Europe and Africa with not much being know about the virulence of the virus. It has been estimated that this pandemic caused around fifty million deaths in only twelve months. Half of the deaths that occurred were among those twenty to forty years of age. To this date there is still much controversy over where the virus originated, with suggestions being either from China or US military camps in the mid-west.…

    • 4763 Words
    • 20 Pages
    Powerful Essays
  • Better Essays

    “Bioterrorism remains a major threat for the United States despite more than $65 billion spent on protecting the country from myriad dangers, the Bipartisan WMD Terrorism Research Center said in its latest report Wednesday. The center's Bio-Response Report Card evaluated U.S. preparedness for countering threats from bioterrorism and found the country remains vulnerable to multiple threats and "largely unprepared for a large-scale bioterrorist attack."”(UPI.com, 2011). There have been over a dozen leading U.S. bio-defense experts that have taken part in figuring out where we are exactly as a county and what the effects of a terroristic attack would be if it were to happen today. Through their investigation they are looking into what more can and needs to be done to deal with bioterrorism, so in turn their focus turned to what took about in the overall defense strategies after the Sept. 11 attacks on the United States.…

    • 1180 Words
    • 5 Pages
    Better Essays
  • Satisfactory Essays

    Research Paper On Asthma

    • 435 Words
    • 2 Pages

    •Coughing or wheezing attacks that are worsened by a respiratory virus, such as a cold or the flu…

    • 435 Words
    • 2 Pages
    Satisfactory Essays
  • Good Essays

    Blood Disorder

    • 813 Words
    • 4 Pages

    Lily, a 4-year-old Caucasian female, has she been complaining of being tired all the time. She is pale and is a picky eater. Her mother is a single mom with a small budget to feed a large family. Lily eats only pasta, breads, and hot dogs, and she drinks only artificial fruit punch. Lily has iron deficiency anemia.…

    • 813 Words
    • 4 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Good Essays

    In “The Storm,” Kate Chopin writes about a rekindling relationship between Calixta and Alcee. This short story is set in the late nineteenth century in Louisiana, and a large storm is developing. Calixta’s family, Bibi and Bobinot, are separated before the downpour, and Alcee’s wife, Clarisse, is in Biloxi along with their babies. Because a cascade is forming, Alcee asks if he could join Calixta until it was over. Of course, Calixta agrees being Alcee was her first love, and she did not want him harmed in the storm. While Calixta and Alcee are waiting for the storm to pass, the climax of the story occurs, which is them making love. The storm is then settled, and Alcee leaves just as Calixta’s family returns. The affair is hidden from their…

    • 221 Words
    • 1 Page
    Good Essays
  • Satisfactory Essays

    Mkt 421 Week 1

    • 2664 Words
    • 11 Pages

    Participation (2 points per week, ½ point per qualifying day - 2 substantive posts = qualifying day)…

    • 2664 Words
    • 11 Pages
    Satisfactory Essays
  • Good Essays

    Blood Disorders

    • 466 Words
    • 2 Pages

    * Lily, a 4-year-old Caucasian female, has she been complaining of being tired all the time. She is pale and is a picky eater. Her mother is a single mom with a small budget to feed a large family. Lily eats only pasta, breads, and hot dogs, and she drinks only artificial fruit punch. Lily has iron deficiency anemia. Infants can be infected from the time of birth from certain forms of anemia. Certain forms of anemia are hereditary. When girls are not getting the proper amount of iron in their diet then they may become iron deficiency. There are many different symptoms of iron deficiency anemia but the most common are swelling of the tongue, drying of the lips, and eating and craving ice. Lily’s mother cannot afford the proper food filled with iron so the best thing that she can buy for Lily is foods and drinks that have vitamin C in it, such as orange juice.…

    • 466 Words
    • 2 Pages
    Good Essays