Walter Lippmann's Frame Analysis

Walter Lippmann established agenda setting within his classic work Public Opinion. Lippmann’s fundamental argument is that citizens are not able to effectively participate in the democratic process and establishes core principles and connections between current events and individuals state of mind. Lippmann further argued that modern society distorts facts “we do not first see, and then define – we define first and then see” (Lippmann, 1992. p. 16). McCombs and Shaw expanded Lippmann’s idea into a formalised theory of agenda setting within the news media (McCombs & Shaw, 1972).
Erving Goffman established framing within his influential work Frame Analysis. Erving’s key argument is individuals organising themselves and experiences within a framework