What Are People's Beliefs And Attitudes Toward Paranormal Phenomena

McGarry, James J.; Newberry, Benjamin H.; Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol 41(4), Oct 1981. pp. 725-736.

In this study, people's beliefs and attitudes toward paranormal phenomena are related to a person's locus of control in four different groups. The way the people in these groups were put together was by their involvement in paranormal practices. The subjects all received a questionnaire asking questions about their beliefs in paranormal phenomenon, locus of control, sociopolitical attitudes, and demographic characteristics. It was predicted and later confirmed that paranormal beliefs increased as involvement it paranormal activity increased, internal locus increased as belief increased, and that there is a clear relationship between locus of control and involvement. Around the planning period of the experiment, the author learned about a psychic convention that was to be held in Niagara Falls, NY. The fair attracted many psychics and people interested in psychic phenomena, and the psychics were paid to come give readings at this convention. The sponsors of this fair also distributed a magazine called You And ESP with
about 700 paying subscribers. At the fair psychic readers and attendees of the fair were given questionnaires about their beliefs and attitudes toward psychic phenomena. The questionnaire was also put in the magazine asking subscribers that had not attended the fair to fill it out and send it in and given to college students enrolled in psychology classes at Kent State University. The three main hypotheses of this experiment were involvement in paranormal phenomena expands belief in the paranormal, increasing paranormal involvement increases internal locus, and that the involvement in paranormal activity is associated with locus of control. The four groups of subjects were formed assuming they would, generally, have different levels of involvement in the paranormal. The first group was composed of 51 individuals, made up of people who gave readings at the psychic fair, subscribes to You And ESP that responded affirmatively to the question "Do you give psychic readings?", and people who attended the fair and college students who answered positively to the previous question. The second group was composed of 63 subscribers that filled out the survey and sent it in that did not respond positively to the above question. The third group consisted of 142 individuals that attended the New York Psychic Fair but responded negatively to the question "Do you give psychic readings?". The final group was composed of 81 students at Kent State that answered negatively to the above question. In the past, it was believed people involved in the paranormal were involved because of a lack of understanding. Some early studies stated that belief in psychic phenomena required immediate tutoring in mathematics and science. These studies were based off common superstitions, but more recent studies cover much more complex aspects of paranormal phenomenon, such as ESP, psychokinesis, clairvoyance, and astroprojection. After these experiments were conducted, all three of the major hypotheses were proven correct.
The psychic readers were shown to believe the strongest in psychic phenomenon, with the subscribers close behind. The attendees of the fair and the students showed significantly less belief than the psychic readers and subscribers. The psychic readers also showed the most internal locus, and again, were followed closely by the magazine subscribers. The attendees and students showed a significant amount of external locus. The locus also was shown to be affected directly by the involvement in paranormal phenomena, whereas psychic readers were significantly had more internally based locus than the subscribers, who showed significantly more internal locus than the attendees, who showed more internal locus than the
students. This ties into class because we are going to be learning about what is known about ESP and the lack of what is known about it in approximately 6 hours. This study shows that ESP cannot be rejected from psychology and science as many suggest, but instead looked deeper into through different approaches. Some people get into psychic phenomenon in search of religion or some sort of spiritual belief, but according to the study, people who are most psychic are most internally locus. Some people also believe paranormal activists are western people attempting to demystify the world. To me, this study shows that the paranormal is something that should not be ignored, but studied, and hopefully, one day, understood by everybody.