The whole idea of contextualism is that S knows P, S doesn’t know P depends on the context that has been or is being uttered. Contextualism limits the skeptical damage by adding a further claim, making the argument unsound and the conclusion to be false, relative to the context of our ordinary knowledge that is being expressed. Greco mentions that Descartes explanation of the evil demon doesn’t quite explain the skeptical argument 2, in which is says that I don’t know ~h. But I think it does, because Descartes is actually giving an explanation about it with his evil demon example. Where it says that an evil demon deceived him into believing that there were physical things. By this he means that the context refers, not to certain features of the subject of knowledge or the object…
During the evil demon conjecture,he brought to question whether a demon wishing to deceive at every…
In his article “The Ethics of Belief (Clifford, 1877) W.K. Clifford sought to argue that “it is wrong always, everywhere, and for anyone, to believe anything upon insufficient evidence” (as cited on p190). The aim of this essay is to establish whether indeed this view offered by Clifford, when considering religious faith, is convincing. In order to do this I will consider the arguments that Clifford put forward, including that which to believe anything based upon insufficient evidence always does harm and so is wrong. Such a statement is in direct opposition to those religious believers who regard their blind faith as a virtue and for whom evidence is something that is unnecessary in order to believe. Along with discussing Clifford I will detail the responses given by James who disagreed with Clifford and in response attacked his views within his own paper “The Will to Believe”. James believed instead that it is more important to achieve truth than to avoid error. Both men, in my opinion, offer strong and persuasive arguments however I do not believe that either stands without criticism, therefore throughout I will offer my own views on the foundations of their arguments, which I hope will establish, that although many of Clifford’s points are valid in particular and specific circumstances they do not offer, as proposed, a convincing view of religious faith.…
David Hume's changed the idea of skepticism in a very different way. While Descartes used doubt and skepticism as a way to find out the foundations and roots of knowledge,Hume used sleo contrast with what we saw as the ordinary claims of knowledge. Hume explains two types of skepticism: antecedent and consequent. Both of these come in a very moderate and extreme form. He explains antecedent skepticism by using the Descartes theory of universal doubt. He explains that there is no principle that is more self evident than doubt and even if there was we would not be able to advance ahead of it because we our still able to doubt and reason deductively. This would mean Antecedent skepticism is incurable.…
that Zeus was indeed tricked. Whether or not this was the case, Zeus did become angry and…
Skepticism is the philosophical position that one should refrain from making truth claims, and avoid the statement of final truths. This is not necessarily quite the same as claiming that truth is impossible, but is often also used to cover the position that there is no such thing as certainty in human knowledge. In philosophy, it is an inquiry, a method of obtaining knowledge through systematic doubt and continual…
stories so much that even he began to believe them as he continuously repudiates his…
reaction, the narrator implies, “that showed one must not be too sure of things” (716). The…
5. Peter Unger uses a hypothetical situation in his essay “A Defense of Skepticism.” That is similar to the one used by Descartes. Briefly state the situation and explain how Unger’s is slightly different then Descartes.…
When we begin to question the possibility of knowledge what arises is skepticism. Skepticism is a view that doubts whether any of our beliefs can be supported by adequate or sufficient evidence (Popkin & Stroll, Philosophy Made Simple, 1993). The doubt or the denial of the possibility of knowledge is known as skepticism. Knowledge requires certainty; this implies that before we can claim to know anything we must be certain (Omoregbe, J., Epistemology, 2007).…
She is constantly urging him to reject Teiresias’s prophecies, and to let go of this ever building mystery, which she feels will blow out of proportion and out of their control. ‘No man possesses the secret of divination’, she states, ‘And I have proof.’ She is so sure these prophecies are untrue, but feels that he is defying the Gods, attempting to be something bigger, and trying to take things under his own control.…
A biblical myth is defined by Burrows, (1946) as a symbolic, approximate expression of truth which the human mind cannot perceive sharply and completely, but can only glimpse vaguely, and therefore cannot adequately express.…
When reading both of these articles the one that really stood out to me in terms of interest was the article Women & Islam: The rise and rise of convert. This article really stood out to me because of the staggering statistics about how many of the converts was women. During the last decade 100,000 Britons have converted to Islam from their previous religion and seventy percent of the converts were women (Peppiatt 1). This statistic is up from the previous decade which only 60,000 Britons had converted (Peppiatt 1). It is so curious to why there is such an increase in the number of converts into the religion of Islam and why so many of them are women. In the article it describes the different difficulties these women go through as they have converted from their previous religion to their current religion, Islam.…
A young man by the name of Euthyphro involves himself in a conversation with the well known Socrates. During this conversation Euthyphro attempts to impose unrealistic beliefs concerning piety. Euthyphro is the plaintiff in a murder suit that he is filing against his very own father. Euthyphro believes that he has a case against his father, the reasons the young man comes up with does not sufficiently satisfy Socrates. This text is a great example of beliefs of a young man; against the wisdom and knowledge of older man. In the final analysis Socrates conversation with Euthyphro, smashes all of Euthyphro’s ideas and conceptions. Euthypro’s belief system has diminished and what he thought may be sound, good reasoning concerning the gods proves to be meaningless conversation. Euthyphro speaks in fallacy, Socrates sees right through it; and that is apparent in his questioning toward the young man. W. K. Clifford wrote an essay titled “The Ethics of Belief” in which he “argues that there is an ethic to belief that makes it always wrong for anyone to believe anything on insufficient evidence.” (Pojman/Rea 498) This short essay of comparing thoughts and beliefs will compare how Euthyphro by Plato, shows the importance of belief in comparison to that of W. K. Clifford in “The Ethics of Belief.” Furthermore, it is important to see how the text on Euthyphro’s conversation with Socrates, by Plato, truly shows that belief is invalid without proper evidence to justify it.…
If I tried to simply tell a skeptic, "That rock will fall from the cliff because of gravity," he won't believe me because he will simply say, "Not necessarily." In fact, this can be the skeptic's answer to just about any attempt to refute his position.…