A mother and a wife of a marine, Patricia Kime is a journalist and author that specialize in military, travel and lifestyle. She was a Senior Staff Writer for the Military Times and a Correspondent for the Navy Times. Military Times is an Independent military news and benefits information for troops, spouses, and veterans. Navy Times, on the other hand, provides news, information, and analysis for serving active, reserve and veteran U.S. Navy personnel. She is currently a senior staff writer for the Gannett Government Media. She covers military healthcare and medicine.…
References: Rachels, J. & Rachels, S. (2012). The Elements of Moral Philosophy (7th Ed.).New York, New York. Mc Graw Hill Companies, Inc.…
The philosophical study of moral judgments- value judgments about what is virtuous or base, just or unjust and morally right or wrong, morally sound or unfair or evil, morally proper or improper.…
Ethical objectivism is the idea that all individuals are correct within their own ideologies, if and only if they justly believe them to be truthful. This idea only applies when the individual has not been exposed with external foundations that prove the inexactness of their claim. Mackie debated that the importance of our moral views were the foundations of the existence of objective moral values within ourselves, meaning that whenever we make a moral judgement we assume that there is an element that makes our moral sentence factual. Mackie also argues that at any time we make these moral statements we enter what is called the error theory, which is the thought that all moral proposals cannot be correct. Mackie determined that error theory was the only plausible metaethical model because it embraces the foundations and possibilities of moral values, while focusing on what morality truly is.…
J. L. Mackie claims that there are no objective values in the world that is to say that there are no such values that have been by default built into the structure of the universe. When Mackie claims that there are no objective values, he clarifies that his theory is not a first-order form of subjectivism or skepticism, but a second-order one. This means that his position is not one of a moral skeptic who would argue that we ought to reject all conventional moral judgments. According to Mackie, there are two things that are required for values to be objective:…
Through his logic and examples, Lewis is able to reveal how lacking moral relativism is in its own logic, as it’s not hard to come up with ways to debunk it. By dismantling the doctrine of subjective value, Lewis is defending the validity of objective…
Mackie does agree that, if we have objective moral values, we can correctly judge the actions in relation to those values. But he disagrees that there can be those values. JANE: So I can judge how well I can help educate women, but not whether that's right?…
The foundation of the metaphysics of morals is a critical examination of a pure practical reason.…
According to Peter Railton we should feel uneasy when fact/value distinction is similar to objectivity/subjectivity and reason/emotion. If we stop viewing fact and value as distinct the facts may be softened while the values may be hardened. Railton is concerned with generic/non-moral goodness or intrinsic value. The philosophical defense of fact/value distinction consists of the arguments from rational determinability, internalism, and the argument from “queer-ness.” Rational determinability are factual disputes that can be resolved by appealing to reason and experience, but facts are hard. Internalism and instrumentalism supports the fact and value distinction. Thinking of goodness can be similarly relative to “nutritiveness,” that all organisms require nutrition but do not utilize the same nutrients. There is no absolute nutrient, meaning that there is no such thing as something being nutritious for all organisms, there is only relational nutritiveness. Railton also believes that someone being good involves what he or she would want for themselves while being free of “cognitive error or lapses of instrumental rationality.” The argument from queerness (which concerns the nature of reality), provides that human motivational system and situations support counterfactuals to characterize intrinsic goodness. Determinates are factors that influence desires we form and how such desires will evolve In response to many changes including one’s own belief, however an actual individual’s beliefs will fall short of expressing full information. Naturalness consists facts about a given person’s “psychology, physiology, and circumstances that are reduction basis” of his or her dispositions to desire. One’s own good can play a role in evolution in their own behavior even without forming an accurate idea of…
References: Rachels, J. & Rachels, S. (2010). The elements of moral philosophy (6th ed.). New York,…
Mackie’s position is that humans on the inside perceive morality or immorality of an exterior achievement. Mackie also believes that we have moral judgments and assume moral objectives. He leans towards the fact that we believe in some supreme entity depending on our religion and our geographic location. There is no hard evidence that proves that a supreme entity is real but we try to uphold the morals that we are taught that this entity wants us to do to be humble and good. Mackie had moral objectives that were explained in some points which categorically motivate us to act and the actions being exactly right is itself a reason to carry out the action. Then in this chapter Mackie references Plato's account of the form of the good. Is such…
“The Ethics of Belief” written by W.K. Clifford. Explains the idea of belief and moral righteousness by coming up with the conclusion that it is morally incorrect to believe in a claim with insufficient evidence or to create a claim without sufficient evidence. Clifford brings about various analogies that prove his claim to be true such as the ship-owner and the religious group on the island. Although these ideas helped set out the theory efficiently, William James essay “The Will to Believe” believes in the opposite by stating that anyone can believe in anything without the sufficient evidence provided for a specific claim. James’s, the essay provides counterexamples to Clifford’s work as well as provides strong examples and positions to help…
Rachels, James and Stuart Rachels. The Elements of Moral Philosophy. New York: Mcgraw-Hill, 2010. Print…
The 19th century developments of firstly the telegraph, and later the telephone, opened a gateway to a new, closer, more interdependent world. For a country as large as the United States, with a population now scattered from east to west, the implications were tremendous. The infamous tyranny of time and distance had been conquered.…
On February 22 students in Edson, and across Canada, were urged to wear pink shirts as part of an anti-bullying campaign called “Pink Shirt Day”.…