are also required for this activity. I believe that we did the environmental education because we (the class) were waking around the parker river refuge listening to what our professors needed to say about the species and some historal background or information of each specific area that we went to. We definitely did the wildlife observation and photography because we saw some of the species that where in the refuge and we also took pictures. I believe that going to the visitor center was part of this because they had a lot of information and history about the Parker River refuge and it's species. They also had clips in their walls about it and some hard copies of information for all the visitors, which we (students) got, but let's talk about why black ducks are so important to the refuge. The black ducks are very important for the refuge. If the popuation of black ducks decreases would end the waterfowl hunting for the majority of the New England land sportsmen. Black ducks can be found at Parker River at any time of the year, but in September and October, there are more black ducks around. The tide of black duck migrations runs strong through October and November, but by December most of the migrants have passed through to the south. When there is a severe winter in the northern Massachusetts coast, there isn't enough food for ducks. When the ice is breaking, the ducks find food on the top of the marsh. When is not so cold, the ducks eat mussels, snails, scuds, and minnows. Whatever they can eat from the salt marshes, they eat it. When the ice is breaking, the ducks find food on the top of the marsh. When is not so cold, the ducks eat mussels, snails, scuds, and minnows. Whatever they can eat from the salt marshes, they eat it. When the ice is breaking, the ducks find food on the top of the marsh. Let's talk about the first thing that we did when we got to the refuge.
One of the things that I liked the most from this trip was when we went to the beach to pick up 5 things that either seemed weird or interesting to us.
Most of the things that I saw on the beach, I thought that they were not important, but they were, and I know this because other students brought it to the circle where we were putting what we found and one of the professors talked about these things like they were really significant or interesting to see. There was a lot garbage on the beach and some parts of dead species. In total, we brought to the circle 30 species of organisms plus human activity. The professor talked about the history of the coal that was found in the beach. He said that this rock was almost 200 years old. Something new that I learned was that blue mussels have three layers: nacre, prismatic, and outer layer. When they are in the beach they get bleached and their color dissapears. While we were talking about the mussels, some birds landed on the beach and we got distracted. After that, we also talked about that we have around 300 to 400 birds out there, and around a thousand
fishes.
We had the opportunity to see a seagull right in front of us when we were talking about how many species are out there. We also saw some ring billed gulls. We also found a moon snail, and he told us to imagine to be in a small house where we can't get out and hearing some kind of a annoying noise, and that as soon as there is a perfect hole we died. He was trying to explain us how the clams died. After this, the professor talked about the clams that we found, and the skate scallops. He mentioned that many of the scallops that we eat are the skate scallops. We also found several crabs; lobster parts; green crabs, which I think they look ugly and scary because I hate spiders and they look pretty much like big spiders. He mentioned that the rock crab are delicious and that many people eat them. We also found razor clams, and he said that these live between the high type and the low type of the beach. When I saw the horseshoe crab that he passed around, I was disgusted with it because it looks really ugly and scary. I learned that even though the horseshoe crab has the word crab is not a crab, it's actually more closely related to spiders. After that he talked about the common slipper shells, they are either a boy or a girl. The top part of it turns into a boy and the bottom of it turns into a girl, which I think it's kind of weird but interesting at the same time. The weird part is that it can be back and forth, the top part can also turn into a female and the bottom part into a male.
When we went to the Hellcat area, where the saltmarsh is in a water impoundment, both professors tested the water to see how much salt it had. Bruce mentioned, "How high that needle goes will tell us how salty the water is." The results were that there wasn't much salt on the water and the specific gravity was 1.008. I learned that even fresh water has some salt on it. I believe that we used an specific gravity bottle to perform this experiment. When we continue our trip around, we went to where all the trees were. Most of the abundant plants are wild rose, sumac, beach plum, bayberry, black alder, choke cherry, pitch pine, aspen, and greenbrier. I believe we saw all these plants in our trip to Plum Island. Most of what we saw was black cherry trees. The professor said that the way we will remember cherry trees it's because the cherries smell like "old ashtray." I remember that the cherries did smell kind of bad. During our walk around the trees, the professor pointed out the poison ivy from one of the abundant plants of the island. We also saw a red maple tree, and the professor said that this tree is an indicator of a wetland. The type of soils that were under the red maple tree were wetland soils. Red maple are typically wetland plants. The red maple tree that we saw was really big and the professor said, "We don't have many left in the Berkshire this big." This tree is so beautiful because it has a bright color and it differs from other trees.