Writing
Leonardo da Vinci programme
European Commission
Writing in English
A Practical Handbook for Scientific and Technical
Writers
A Pilot Project
Project Partners
Zuzana Svobodova, Technical University Brno, Czech Republic
Heidrun Katzorke and Ursula Jaekel, Technische Universität, Chemnitz, Germany
Stefania Dugovicova and Mike Scoggin, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
Peter Treacher, ELT Centre, University of Essex, England
Writing in English
A Practical Handbook for Scientific and Technical Writers
CONTENTS
Page No.
Page No.
Foreword
1
Types of Writing
1.1
Scientific Articles
1.2
Research Papers
Language functions
1
4.1
Agreeing and Disagreeing
2
4.2 Classifying
3
4.3
Comparing and Contrasting 37
4.4
1.3 Proposals
4
Defining
39
4.5
Emphasising
41
35
36
2
Composition
2.1
Titles
5
4.6
Generalising
43
2.2
Planning your Writing
6
4.7
Paraphrasing
45
2.3
Paragraph Writing
7
4.8
Quoting
47
2.4
Introductions
9
2.5
Writing the Main Body
12
5
Grammar
2.6
Conclusions
14
5.1
Adverbs
51
2.7
Sections of a Research
Paper
5.2 Articles
53
17
5.3
Numbers
56
Describing Tables and
Graphs
18
5.4
Passive Voice
56
2.8
19
2.10 Plagiarism
21
2.11 Abstracts
21
2.12 Summary Writing
5.5 Punctuation
58
5.6
Verb Tenses
62
5.7
Word Order
65
6
2.9 Referencing
Words
6.1
Abbreviations
24
3
Style
3.1
Objectivity
27
3.2 Clarity
28
3.3
Formality
29
3.4
Hedging
29
3.5 Signposting
31
67
6.2 Prefixes
68
6.3 Suffixes
70
Foreword
No science stands alone. If research done, findings found, conclusions drawn are not presented to the world then it is arguable whether they are of any real use at all. The reason for the research paper is
European Commission
Writing in English
A Practical Handbook for Scientific and Technical
Writers
A Pilot Project
Project Partners
Zuzana Svobodova, Technical University Brno, Czech Republic
Heidrun Katzorke and Ursula Jaekel, Technische Universität, Chemnitz, Germany
Stefania Dugovicova and Mike Scoggin, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
Peter Treacher, ELT Centre, University of Essex, England
Writing in English
A Practical Handbook for Scientific and Technical Writers
CONTENTS
Page No.
Page No.
Foreword
1
Types of Writing
1.1
Scientific Articles
1.2
Research Papers
Language functions
1
4.1
Agreeing and Disagreeing
2
4.2 Classifying
3
4.3
Comparing and Contrasting 37
4.4
1.3 Proposals
4
Defining
39
4.5
Emphasising
41
35
36
2
Composition
2.1
Titles
5
4.6
Generalising
43
2.2
Planning your Writing
6
4.7
Paraphrasing
45
2.3
Paragraph Writing
7
4.8
Quoting
47
2.4
Introductions
9
2.5
Writing the Main Body
12
5
Grammar
2.6
Conclusions
14
5.1
Adverbs
51
2.7
Sections of a Research
Paper
5.2 Articles
53
17
5.3
Numbers
56
Describing Tables and
Graphs
18
5.4
Passive Voice
56
2.8
19
2.10 Plagiarism
21
2.11 Abstracts
21
2.12 Summary Writing
5.5 Punctuation
58
5.6
Verb Tenses
62
5.7
Word Order
65
6
2.9 Referencing
Words
6.1
Abbreviations
24
3
Style
3.1
Objectivity
27
3.2 Clarity
28
3.3
Formality
29
3.4
Hedging
29
3.5 Signposting
31
67
6.2 Prefixes
68
6.3 Suffixes
70
Foreword
No science stands alone. If research done, findings found, conclusions drawn are not presented to the world then it is arguable whether they are of any real use at all. The reason for the research paper is