Required examples of forms of labor organization:
• Free peasant agriculture
• Nomadic pastoralism
• Craft production and guild organization
• Various forms of coerced and unfree labor
• Government-imposed labor taxes
• Military obligations
B. As in the previous period, social structures were shaped largely by class and caste hierarchies. Patriarchy persisted; however, in some areas, women exercised more power and influence, most notably among the
Mongols and in West Africa, Japan, and Southeast Asia.
C. New forms of coerced labor appeared, including serfdom in Europe and Japan and the elaboration of the mit’a in the Inca Empire. Free peasants resisted attempts to raise dues and taxes by staging revolts. The demand for slaves for both military and domestic purposes increased, particularly in central Eurasia, parts of Africa, and the eastern Mediterranean.
Teach one illustrative example of regions where free peasants revolted, either from the list below or an example of your choice:
• China
• The Byzantine Empire
D. The diffusion of Buddhism, Christianity, Islam, and Neoconfucianism often led to significant changes in gender relations and family structure.
Period 4: Global Interactions, c. 1450 to c. 1750
Key Concept 4.1. Globalizing Networks of
Communication and Exchange
The interconnection of the Eastern and Western hemispheres made possible by transoceanic voyaging marked a key transformation of this period. Technological innovations helped to make transoceanic connections possible. Changing patterns of long-distance trade included the global circulation of some commodities and the formation of new regional markets and financial centers. Increased transregional and global trade networks facilitated the spread of religion and other elements of culture as well as the migration of large numbers of people. Germs carried
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Key Concept 4.1.
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