Chapters 1&2 Human Origins and Early Civilizations
CHAPTERS 1 and 2, HUMAN ORIGINS AND EARLY CIVILIZATIONS THE ORIGINS OF HUMANKIND
Competing Theories of Evolution and creation: (Theories)
OUT OF AFRICA THEORY
MULTI -REGIONAL THEORY
THE GENESIS MYTH
The Theory of Evolution
* *Classifies humans as primates
* *Explains that a crucial development occurred when the ape family differentiated into tree-dwelling types and ground-dwelling types (hominids)
*Development of the Genus “Homo”
Hominids: not found in the order they lived
* *Australopithecu africanuss: Raymond dart: Earliest ground-dwelling ape; discovered in South Africa in 1924
* *Homo habilis: a. Louis S. B. Leakey found 1.75 million-year-old fossil in 1964 at Olduvai Gorge; b. Creature walked erect, had well-developed thumb, probably used tools
* *Homo ergaster - . Turkana Boy, 1.6 million-year-old fossil, found in Kenya, 1984
* * Homo erectus in Asia; c. Used fire, standardized tools; Emerged 1.8 million years ago in Africa, migrated to Near East, Asia, Europe
* * Neanderthal Man: . Discovered in Neander Valley in Germany in 1857; Adapted to cold climates, 40,000–200,000 years ago; Inhabited parts of Europe, Asia, Africa; Used fire, wore fur, made stone-tipped spears, lived in caves, stone shelters; . No longer classified as Homo sapiens
* *Homo sapiens: a. Developed 150,000 years ago; b. Cro-Magnon Man appeared at least 40,000 years ago’ c. Scientists debate whether Homo sapiens originated in Africa and spread to other continents, or evolved independently and displaced or assimilated Homo erectus; . Only one species of the genus Homo exists today
PRELITERATE CULTURES
*Attributes: 1. Erect posture; 2. Opposable thumb; 3. Vision: stereoscopic, color
4. Symbolic thinking
*Paleolithic Culture:
1. Used eoliths, made stone tools, standardized procedures for making implements, such as hand axes
a. Utilization of available stones
b. Fashioning
c. Standardization
* Later Paleolithic: Microliths: Bow, spear launchers;
Competing Theories of Evolution and creation: (Theories)
OUT OF AFRICA THEORY
MULTI -REGIONAL THEORY
THE GENESIS MYTH
The Theory of Evolution
* *Classifies humans as primates
* *Explains that a crucial development occurred when the ape family differentiated into tree-dwelling types and ground-dwelling types (hominids)
*Development of the Genus “Homo”
Hominids: not found in the order they lived
* *Australopithecu africanuss: Raymond dart: Earliest ground-dwelling ape; discovered in South Africa in 1924
* *Homo habilis: a. Louis S. B. Leakey found 1.75 million-year-old fossil in 1964 at Olduvai Gorge; b. Creature walked erect, had well-developed thumb, probably used tools
* *Homo ergaster - . Turkana Boy, 1.6 million-year-old fossil, found in Kenya, 1984
* * Homo erectus in Asia; c. Used fire, standardized tools; Emerged 1.8 million years ago in Africa, migrated to Near East, Asia, Europe
* * Neanderthal Man: . Discovered in Neander Valley in Germany in 1857; Adapted to cold climates, 40,000–200,000 years ago; Inhabited parts of Europe, Asia, Africa; Used fire, wore fur, made stone-tipped spears, lived in caves, stone shelters; . No longer classified as Homo sapiens
* *Homo sapiens: a. Developed 150,000 years ago; b. Cro-Magnon Man appeared at least 40,000 years ago’ c. Scientists debate whether Homo sapiens originated in Africa and spread to other continents, or evolved independently and displaced or assimilated Homo erectus; . Only one species of the genus Homo exists today
PRELITERATE CULTURES
*Attributes: 1. Erect posture; 2. Opposable thumb; 3. Vision: stereoscopic, color
4. Symbolic thinking
*Paleolithic Culture:
1. Used eoliths, made stone tools, standardized procedures for making implements, such as hand axes
a. Utilization of available stones
b. Fashioning
c. Standardization
* Later Paleolithic: Microliths: Bow, spear launchers;