critical thinking study guide
Logical implication
Background belief
-hidden aspect(s) of our knowledge
Know the difference between sufficient and necessary conditions
-necessary conditions are a set of conditions or requirements that must be met in order for something to belong to a particular kind
-sufficient conditions guarantees all necessary conditions have been met
law of non-contradiction
-Fundamental law of logic
-Declares contradictory statements are necessarily false, literally irrational or illogical
-Nothing can be and not be at the same time.
-A statement cannot be both true and false at the same time and cannot both have and lack a property at the same time and in the same respect
-Such contradictions are logically impossible logically compatible
-means that the conclusion follows the previously made premises and using the logic of the premises, therefore is true (does not contradict)
social hegemony
-Ideological leadership/ manipulation throughout culture; demarcating range and scope of socially acceptable ideas
-produces commonsense
Gramsci on “commonsense”; Dr. Nall on pillars of common sense
-“Everyone, for Gramsci, has a number of ‘conceptions of the world,’ which often tend to be in contradiction with one another and therefore form an incoherent whole. Many of these conceptions are imposed and absorbed passively from outside, or from the past, and are accepted and lived uncritically. In this case they constitute what Gramsci calls ‘common sense….Many elements in popular common sense contribute to people’s subordination by making situations of inequality and oppression appear to them as natural and unchangeable”
-Pillars of common sense:
Orwell’s concepts: “doublethink” and “crimestop”
-“Crimestop means the faculty of stopping short , as though by instinct, at the threshold of any dangerous thought. It includes the power of not grasping analogies, of failing to perceive logical errors, of misunderstanding the simplest arguments if they are
Background belief
-hidden aspect(s) of our knowledge
Know the difference between sufficient and necessary conditions
-necessary conditions are a set of conditions or requirements that must be met in order for something to belong to a particular kind
-sufficient conditions guarantees all necessary conditions have been met
law of non-contradiction
-Fundamental law of logic
-Declares contradictory statements are necessarily false, literally irrational or illogical
-Nothing can be and not be at the same time.
-A statement cannot be both true and false at the same time and cannot both have and lack a property at the same time and in the same respect
-Such contradictions are logically impossible logically compatible
-means that the conclusion follows the previously made premises and using the logic of the premises, therefore is true (does not contradict)
social hegemony
-Ideological leadership/ manipulation throughout culture; demarcating range and scope of socially acceptable ideas
-produces commonsense
Gramsci on “commonsense”; Dr. Nall on pillars of common sense
-“Everyone, for Gramsci, has a number of ‘conceptions of the world,’ which often tend to be in contradiction with one another and therefore form an incoherent whole. Many of these conceptions are imposed and absorbed passively from outside, or from the past, and are accepted and lived uncritically. In this case they constitute what Gramsci calls ‘common sense….Many elements in popular common sense contribute to people’s subordination by making situations of inequality and oppression appear to them as natural and unchangeable”
-Pillars of common sense:
Orwell’s concepts: “doublethink” and “crimestop”
-“Crimestop means the faculty of stopping short , as though by instinct, at the threshold of any dangerous thought. It includes the power of not grasping analogies, of failing to perceive logical errors, of misunderstanding the simplest arguments if they are