Happiness and Helplessness
Lecture 8
Helplessness & happiness
• Why did Seligman and maier use a tripartite design?
• What are the long term effect sof uncontrollable stressors
• What does delta p = 0
Pavlov
• Pavlov’s apparatus
• 2 different procedures: classical conditioning and then punishment
• because using dogs in experiment, noticed that if dogs had been through classical conditioning experiments, could not be used in avoidance experiments o but adverse for the opposite (avoidance exp dogs 1st could learn very quickly in the classical conditioning exp second)
• tripartite design o one dogs put into harness and nothing done to them (control) o another set with shocks done to back legs but had nose plate to turn off shock (controllable shock emission - escape) o (yoked control) had nose plate that could not turn off shock
• took dogs off of harness and tried to train them in avoiding shock
• yoked control could not learn to escape an aversion condition
• failure of contiguity and contingency interference effect
• trans-situationalilty
• stress vs controllability o prior exp with control effect of signal event
• other observations o appetitive learning, anxiety, depressive like state
• Seligman, maier, and solomon’s theory of learned helplessness o Motivational, cognitive, emotional aspects
Why so important about learned helplessness?
• A role for contingency and not mere contiguity in learning
• A role of cognitions in learning, behavior and motivation
• Its link to depression (exposure to uncontrollable or unescapable stress causes a depressive state)
Contingency learning
• Contingencies o If and only if x, then y (y dependent on x)
• To determine a contingency we need to know two bits of info o Probability that Y will occur after x p(y/x) o Probability that y will occur in the absence of x, p(y/no x)
• Contingency is o Delta p = p(y/x)-p(y/no x)
• Doe sour behavior cause some consequence
Experience of control
• People report a
Helplessness & happiness
• Why did Seligman and maier use a tripartite design?
• What are the long term effect sof uncontrollable stressors
• What does delta p = 0
Pavlov
• Pavlov’s apparatus
• 2 different procedures: classical conditioning and then punishment
• because using dogs in experiment, noticed that if dogs had been through classical conditioning experiments, could not be used in avoidance experiments o but adverse for the opposite (avoidance exp dogs 1st could learn very quickly in the classical conditioning exp second)
• tripartite design o one dogs put into harness and nothing done to them (control) o another set with shocks done to back legs but had nose plate to turn off shock (controllable shock emission - escape) o (yoked control) had nose plate that could not turn off shock
• took dogs off of harness and tried to train them in avoiding shock
• yoked control could not learn to escape an aversion condition
• failure of contiguity and contingency interference effect
• trans-situationalilty
• stress vs controllability o prior exp with control effect of signal event
• other observations o appetitive learning, anxiety, depressive like state
• Seligman, maier, and solomon’s theory of learned helplessness o Motivational, cognitive, emotional aspects
Why so important about learned helplessness?
• A role for contingency and not mere contiguity in learning
• A role of cognitions in learning, behavior and motivation
• Its link to depression (exposure to uncontrollable or unescapable stress causes a depressive state)
Contingency learning
• Contingencies o If and only if x, then y (y dependent on x)
• To determine a contingency we need to know two bits of info o Probability that Y will occur after x p(y/x) o Probability that y will occur in the absence of x, p(y/no x)
• Contingency is o Delta p = p(y/x)-p(y/no x)
• Doe sour behavior cause some consequence
Experience of control
• People report a