Study Guide Exam #1

VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND GIRLS STUDY GUIDE EXAM I
Lecture
1. What are the 3 fundamentals of healthy sex?
Consent, Mutuality and Respect
2. What is the Latin meaning for the word "rape"? Explain how this impacted rape laws and societal responses historically and presently.
“Rape” comes from Latin word “rapere” which means “to seize property”
Historically, rape law was designed to regulate “competing male interests in controlling sexual access to females, rather than protecting women’s interest in controlling their own bodies and sexaulity”
3. What are the historical eras in rape laws? What are some of the important components of them? Where did the saying “cut off your nose to spite your face” originate?
Law of Retaliation: “eye for an eye” (Lex Talionis)
Hammarubi’s Code: 1st written code of laws in human history
“Cut of your nose to spite your face”: self mutilation of nuns; 12th century; men wouldn’t have sex with them because they appeared ugly; could continue to preserve their marriage to Jesus; surviving sexual assault was a “fate worse than death”
4. What were the limitations of both legal and research definitions of rape even in the 1970s? What sexual abuses were most commonly left out?
English Common Law: “Carnal knowledge of a woman forcibly and against her will” had 3 elements:
Intercourse, force, lack of consent
Reforms from the 1970s Feminist Movement:
The partial abolition of the marital rape exemption; the increased emphasis on the non-consent of the victim (rather than the use of force by the attacker) left out: forced by attacker
5. What US agency changed its longstanding definition of rape in 2012? Does the new definition broaden or narrow the definition? Which types of behavior are being added or taken away?
U.S Federal Government changed its definition of forcible rape; The types of sexual assault that will be counted in the FBI’s Uniform Crime Reports expand by
Sex/gender: It expanded the definition of victims to include males
Types of Sexual Assault: It expanded the definition of victims to include
Oral penetration/rapes
Anal penetration/rapes
6. What is the ordering of various abuses as social problems? What decades did their definitions as “social problems” occur?
Non-sexaul child abuse, rape of women by strangers, non-sexual woman battering/DV/IPA, Sexual harassment, sexual abuse of children, date and marital rape, stalking, corporate violence
7. Know the two different continua used to describe types of sexual violations and place rape in the context of consensual sex. How do they compare and contrast?
See page 6 of first packet of notes (Belknap’s Rape Continuum and Bart & O’Brien’s Sex/Rape Continuum)
Coercion vs. Force
Consensual Sex, Altruistic Sex (have to do, don’t want to), Compliant Sx (consequences if they don’t have sex), Rape
8. How is “violence” encompassed in “abuse”?
See Page 5 of first packet of notes: Violence is only a small part of abuse-->other forms of abuse that can be just as impacting
9. What did Angela Davis find regarding the history of lynching and rape?
The “Myth of the Black Rapist”
Only 3 white men were ever tried, convicted and executed although there were 10,000 lynchingsMythical justifications/explanations to gain public support:
To deter Black masses from rising in revolt
To prevent Black supremacy over whites
To punish Black men for raping white women
10. What did Mary Odem find in terms of the history of "age of consent" (statutory rape) laws? Who was active in reform, what were they trying to reform, what were the results of the reform?
U.S. 1885-1920: White middle-class women reformers trying to change statutory rape age from 10-12(most) to 18
Black, middle-class women’s clubs also concerned about issue, but additionally of Black men being targeted
12. What does “agency” have to do with examining the victimization of women/girls? Why are feminists concerned with this?
-can’t find this yet
13. What are Brown et al.’s (2009) 3 types of Sexual Victimization? What do the mean (you don’t have to know them verbatim, but generally).-3 types: forcible rape-uses force or threat of force verbal coercion- had sex due to another person’s overwhelming pressure/arguments incapacitated- unable to consent due to drugs or alcohol
14. Be able to discuss the unique aspects of the sexual abuse of women and girls with disabilities. (You don’t need to know all of Curry’s findings, but generally what is unique and important.) women with disabilities are more likely to be abused dependency puts them at risk most subject to emotional abuse
15. What is McKinnon’s definition of Sexual Harassment (generally, don’t have to know verbatim)?
“The unwanted imposition of sexual requirement in the context of a relationship of unequal power”
16. What are Till's Levels of Sexual Harassment, what does each mean, and what is meaningful about their order? (be able to list and describe) 1.) gender harassment guys don’t understand what it id like to be rapped seductive behavior sexual bribery reward for sex (head for promotion) sexual coercion something bad if you don’t so it assault, gross sexual imposition, indecent exposure
18. What are the two legal types of sexual harassment and what does each of them mean? quid pro quo- career, job, educational advancement is guaranteed in return for sexual favors hostile environment- unwelcome sex conduct unreasonably interferes with an individual’s working/ educational environment
19. What do Titles VII and IX have to do with sexual harassment? (Answer: Title VII is for Work and Title IX is for Education)
-title VII unwelcome sexual advances, requests or sexual favors, and other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual
- title IX for education 20. How did McKinney (1994) distinguish sexual harassment victims and perpetrators in terms of power? What are her 3 types of sexual harassment (and be able to identify, define, and give an example of each)? (Note: McKinnon and McKinney are two separate people) traditional peer harassment- equal power contrapower- harassing someone who has power OVER you
21. What are some of the different names for what we’ve called “intimate partner abuse” (IPA) in class?
-domestic violence, intimate partner violence
22. Be able to discuss and draw Walker’s (1979) cycle of violence (e.g., the phases and what they entail). (You do NOT need to know the Revamped Cycle of Violence.) In what ways is it purported to change over time? What are the limitations of Walker’s Cycle of Violence?
Phase 1: Tension Building- partners begin to feel tension between the two of them. Nothing harmful has been completed against either partner at this point in the cycle. Most of the tension is inner.
Phase 2: Violence-something sparks a violent act from one partner to the other.
Phase 3: Reconciliation-Abuser says that it would never happen again and feels guilty for actions. “Sucks Up” basically to the victim, making the victim typically stay with the abuser.
Over time, this cycle is found to happen more and more frequently and it begins to get more severe.
Limitations: Aspect of being “repeated,” Not all victims experience violence this way, ignores constant control as abusive, lead to the intervention of focusing on abuser’s controlling behavior via “anger management.” Lots of abusive relationships see controlling behavior, anger management isn’t the problem it’s being controlling and wanting power (For the majority…).
24. What are the three dynamics purported to sometimes keep some victims in the cycle? love→ makes it harder to leave hope→ hope things get better fear→ comes later, people don't want to think of selves as victims
25. What are some of the limitations of the cycle of violence? aspect of being “repeated” not all victims experience violence this way ignores constant control as abusive leads to the intervention of focusing on abuser’s controlling behavior via “anger management” lots of abusive relationships see controlling situations anger management isn't the problem, its being controlling and wanting power (for majority of situations)
26. What is the public construction of the “battered woman”? Is it accurate? How has it helped? How has it backfired? battered women as “pure victims” have experienced extreme physical violence separated by periods of emotional abuse the abuse increases in severity and frequency over time battered women are terrified by this experience
→ its accurate just not all encompassing
→ it is effective at getting necessary changes
→ it has backfired because you can still be a battered woman even if you don't fit in to the previous criteria
27. What is the Power and Control Wheel? How was it developed? (You do NOT need to recreate it, but to know it’s history and, generally, it’s components.) the categories (core tactics) came from the tactics batterers use made it into a wheel where violence held the whole thing together (categories of violence are physical and sexual the sub categories are using coercion and threats, using econ abuse, blaming/denying/minimizing, using isolation, using intimidation, emotional abuse using male privilege, using children --all part of a system they said men didn't do it to get power and control but they ended up with all the power and control then felt entitled to it developed: ellen pace went to women groups and asked if they could get these guy (batters) (for however long they can teach them) what they wanted them to each them, and out of that is how they got the power and control wheel. She went to women's groups and kept asking various questions about what it is like to live with a batter asked about the tactics he uses besides violence and made categories all came from stories of women that they shared in groups
28. What are the 7 “primary tactics of intimate partner abuse” from Belknap (2015)? Can they overlap? Does a person have to experience all of them to be an IPA victim? What are the subcategories of the psychological/emotional IPA tactic? physical sexual financial/economic stalkingspiritualproxy paperpsychological/emotional: subcategories→ child abuse, extended family and friend abuse, verbal/written threats, degradation/humiliation, social isolation, harming pets and property these can all overlap (perpetrator may commit all or 1 of these tactics) a person only has to experience 1 of these tactics to be abused
29. What is Evan Stark’s (2007) coercive control and what form of VAWG does it pertain to (e.g., sexual abuse, intimate partner abuse, stalking, sexual harassment)? What does it assume? coercive control: more complex than physical control/abuse,
--intended to destroy the woman's autonomy, her ability to make decisions and to act on her own behalf pertains to psychological/emotional abuse assumes:1. women are vulnerable to coercive control in private life b/c of their subordinate position in the larger social structure 2. when females use violence against males, its to level the playing field
31. What are the types of animal abuse can occur in the context of IPA, and be able to provide an example of each. physical: hit, kick, slug across room, fed posion, run over, buried alive, hung (in class example when she said the dad bought the girl a puppy and she was very happy then he put the dog in a box and ran over it) sexual: (use your imagination) psychological: witnessing woman abuse, having abuser stimp in front of them, yell at them
32. What are the unique potentials for IPA among women who are (1) immigrants, (2) lesbian/gay/bisexual/transgendered, and/or (3) disabled? [hint: know the additional risks for each] can make them further dependent on the partner child custody becomes more difficult
(immigrant women) [can be partners with immigrant men or non-immigrant men]
Immigrant status is a risk factor or IPA
Immigrant status, gender, race, class intersect may be particaularly difficult to address and resist when the abuser is in the military if IPA occurs and women wants to leave relationship the threat of children being taken from her is taken into account and if an immigrantand he is not custody is harder to get. women dont want to report cause of racial views
(women in same-sex relationships) abuser can threat the “outing” of a partner to police, family, co-workers, neighbors etc. makes child custody very difficult.
(disabled)
typically more dependent on their partners.
Makes child custody more difficult
33. What the 4 influences of gender role stereotyping that Hassounaeh and Glass found in lesbian IPA? What do they each mean?
“girls dont it other girls”--implies women have less violent relationships the myth of lesbian utopia-- women are nice and care about people and other women, lesbos are found to be nice to women but this is not true
Cat fight--women fights/violence are less serious than mens and women arent as danergous
Absuers playing the feminine victim-- abusers play the victim role and it is much easier in same sex relationships, sometimes it is the smaller women doing the abusing
34. What 3 themes of IPA directed at disabled women did Gilson and her colleagues (2001) identify? Describe or give examples of each.
Physical and emotional assault→ conveying judgemental attitudes based on her disability, threatening her with the loss of her children because of her disability, threatening to institutionalize her neglect→ withholding personal assistance, erecting or refusing to remove architechual barriers in the home, lifting a wheel chair out of the way with her in it, not contacting a physician when needed control/restraint→ withholding meds, controlling access to needed items on person, controlling assistive services, using disability to discredit or demean them, refusing access to social support, refusing to communicate using assistive devices 35. According to the study by Cole et al. (2008) in class, what characteristic(s) is(are) associated with a woman being abused by more than one partner (revictimized by a new partner)? (You don’t need to know percentages or numbers.)
33% women are still with partner, 60% ith new partner and the rest are with former or new parteners
35.2% of those with new partner reported IPA with new partner. Those most at risk for a new IPA abuser are women with more cumulative lifetime victimization and women dependent on illicit drugs
36. What is the definition of stalking from the 1997 National Institute of Justice (NIJ) Report to Congress? (You don’t need to memorize the other definitions of stalking)
“Willful, malicious, and repeated following or harassing of another person” (this was before cellphones and social networks)
37. What did the 1996 U.S. Congress identify as the types of stalkers? Which one is most prevalent (most likely to be reported whether to researchers or to the police)?
Strangers
acquaintance (someone you know or see around) intimate or former intimate
***I dont know which one is most prevalent
38. What are Mullen et al.’s (1999) categories of stalkers—both their labels and characteristics about those stalkers.the rejected: (started from breakup) reconciliation or revenge on ex-partner (coworker, parent, ex bf/gf) the intimacy seeker: (persuing someone they want to date) “true love”-- delusional disorder the incompetent: (mentally disabled) the resentful: goal is to frighten and distress victim. Strive to learn about victim, rehearse plan to attack victim--injustice and revenge the predatory: joy from power and control stalking gives
39. Why is stalking a form of violence/abuse against women/girls? men (boys) stalk more than women (girls) women are more likely to be the victims of stalking than men stalking frequently co-ccurs with toher forms of violence against women and girls stalking causes more fear and more serious consequences for women than boys
Week 1 Readings v Be familiar with the two poems v Letter from a Battered Wife (1976) o Is this fiction or from an actual battered woman?
From an actual battered woman o Did the woman experience physical violence?
Yes (Battered) o Who did the woman seek help from? How helpful was the help-seeking?
Clergyman who told her to forgive her husband and be more tolerant, doctor who gave her pills and told her she was just too nervous, A friend whose husband told her to stay away, professional family guidance agency who told her that she needed to control the incidents, two more doctors; one asked what she did to provoke her husband, the other asked if she made it up, also called the police who did nothing o At the end, what does she say saved her from being killed by her abuser?
She doesn’t know what keep saving her; she says that each night she “dreads the final blow” v Cook et al. (2011): Measuring Sexual Assault/Rape o What are the 3 components in sexual assault/rape definitions? Which of these has the least consensus about how it should be measured?
One component describes the act (nature of the unwanted sex that was compelled)
Second component described the tactic used (how the act was compelled, such as physical force or threat of force)
Third component specifies the expression of nonconsent
Least consensus about how “tactic” should be measured o What are the four steps of the self-report measures for sexual assault/rape?
First begins when an individual percieve a potentially traumatic experience and encode it into emotional, sensory, and narrative memories
Next, an individual cannot report rape in a study unless the sampling design includes them
Classification of rape
Third, accurately cueing recall
Fourth step is that woman must be willing to to divulge their experiences o What are the two main ways that questions to measure rape are phrased? Which do the authors say is the better of the two approaches?
Broad Questions (vaguely worded--”Were you raped?”)
Behaviorally Specific Questions (“Did he put your penis inside of you?”)(Authors say this is the better approach) o What is the two-stage design?
Combine behaviorally-specific with subsequent incident reports (follow-up reports)
Follow-up questions ensure that what actually transpired in any given incident is accurately reported
Week 2 Readings: v Weiss (2010): Male Rape o Where are the data from?
The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) o What is the breakdown in these data for the percent of women vs. men regarding sexual victimization?
Male: 9% rape and sexual assault; Female: 91% o How was the victims’ drinking gendered? (That is, did male or female victims consume more alcohol?)
Males consumed three times more alcohol o What two ways did Weiss identify that raped men attempt to “demonstrate masculinity”?
Drinking and fighting directed at male offenders o Was shame significant for male victims, including if sexually abused by women?
Yes--a large reason why males are less likely to report especially when sexaully abused by a woman; shame for not conforming to the norms of masculinity v Herat (2009) o What was the Estrada-Espinoza v. Mukasey case about? Who are Sonia Arredondo and Juan. Estrada-Espinoza, what was their relationship, and what was the “aggravated felony” with which Mr. Estrada-Espinoza was charged? What is the BIA and what does this case have to do with the BIA?
They were a 20 year old male and 16 year old female in a relationship who lived together with a child
Aggravated felony: statutory rape
Due to INA, lawful permanent residents can be rendered removable if they commit an aggravated felony
BIA: Board of Immigration Appeals-->authority to interpret Immigration and Nationality Act including deportability grounds
Wanted to use a harsher definition to get him deported
9th circuit declined to use BIA’s definition to deport Mr. Estrada-Espinoza
Held that he was not deportable

v Olafson (2011) o What interpersonal victimization has the highest rate of PTSD?
Childhood sexual abuse survivors o How are gender, ethnic, and social class related to CSA?
Females more likely to be victims (2-3 times more likely)
Significant ethnic and social class differences related to CSA o Have the US rates of reported CSA changed, and if so how, of reported CSA cases since the mid-1990s? Does Olafson believe the pattern of reported CSA over this time period is accurate?
The rates have decreased; Olafson believed this is accurate o How does Olafson distinguish “courted” and “groomed”?
Adults who are courted can consent to sexual contact or they can decline
Children who are groomed cannot legally or ethically consent to sexual contact because they are minors o Be able to identify and describe the two traumagenic dynamics that distinguish CSA from other forms of Childhood trauma and maltreatment.
Traumatic sexualization and stigmatization o What are the three categories of interventions Olafson identifies, and briefly, what do they include?
Prevention (research is lacking; target stresses of poverty), Child Forensic Interviewing, Treatment (Trauma focused CBT)
Week 3 Readings v Engelbrecht & Reyns (2011): Stalking o Where are the data from?
2006 stalking supplement to the NCVS o Do many people experience stalking victimization over their lifetimes?
YES. 25 percent of a 175 sample meta-analysis o Did this study find the pursuit behaviors by stalkers similar towards male and female victims? no, they were different o What was a more common response by stalking victims: anger or fear? Was anger gendered, and if so how? Was fear gendered, and if so how? (By “gendered” I mean one gender [women or men] were more likely to report it, experience it, etc.) anger was the most common response from both genders. There was no difference in gender with anger but women were more likely to feel fearful than men. o How often were women and men stalked by strangers?
-can’t find this one v Belknap & Sharma (2014): Stealth Gender-Based Abuse o On what population of women does this article focus? college age women o What is stealth gender-based abuse (SGBA)—and what types of abuse does it include? What is incapacitated rape? incapacitated rapes, verbally coerced rapes, nonviolent intimate partner abuse, stalking incapacitated rape- raping someone to drunk or high to consent o Is SGBA more or less likely to be reported to officials? Why? How is SGBA related to victim-blaming? Self-blame? less likely because they often do not see it as real rape. Victims are blamed because they “asked for it” or deserved it because they were too drunk or high and the victims blame themselves for these reasons too. v Adams et al. (2008): Economic Abuse o Do the authors view psychological abuse as very serious? yeso How do some intimate partner abusers prevent women from acquiring resources? injuring them, turning off their alarm clock, refusing to provide childcare o How do some intimate partner abusers prevent women’s resource use? denying access to money for necessities, hiding money, no access to shared bank accounts o How do some intimate partner abusers exploit women’s resources? stealing their money, creating costs, generating debt o What are the effects of experiencing economic abuse? the survivor becomes dependent on the abuser (economically) and this makes it very difficult to leave the abuser
[you don’t need to know the rest of the article describing the methods and findings for the economic scale the authors developed]
Week 4 Readings: v NISVS Report (2010) o What 3 abuses were addressed in this national survey?
Sexual violence, stalking, and intimate partner violence o Who were sampled for the study (generally)?
18 year old men and women
Week 5 Readings: v McDaniels-Wilson & Belknap (2008): Sexual Abuse Histories of Incarcerated Women o Do the studies reviewed indicate a difference in the likelihood between incarcerated and community (never incarcerated) sexual abuse rates among women/girls?
Incarcerated women were more likely to be sexually abused in their lifetime than women who had never been incarcerated o What percent of the incarcerated women reported a sexual abuse that is consistent with rape definitions in most states in the U.S.?
75% of incarcerated women reported sexual abuses that in most states would qualify as rape or the most serious sexual assaults o Did any of the women report that they had been sexually abused by other women? yes, sexual abusers were primarily men but victimization by females were also reported
4.1% to 6.4% of women reported a female abuser o Did the data indicate that women who’d been sexually abused once were likely to be revictimized? yes, even studies on of nonincarcerated (this study is about incarcerated women if someone was confused) populations report high risk of revictimization o Who was most likely to perpetrate child sexual abuse on these women when they were 6 to 11 years old (e.g., strangers, acquaintances, family members)? family→ primarily brother v Porter & Williams (2011): IPA among various groups on a College Campus o What college was this study conducted on? What was meant by DHH, GLBO, and REM?
Study was conducted on underrepresented groups in college campuses (underrepresented groups being deaf/hard of hearing students(DHH), students who are gay/lesbians/bi and racial (GLBO) and ethnic minorities(REM) and females--- (unlike heterosexual white females that is ussually studied) o What crimes/victimizations did this study examine and,generally, how were they related to gender, DHH, GLBO, and REM?
Crimes/victimizations: sexual violence, phsyical and pschological violence the study found significant association between DHH, GBLO, REM and female are at significantly more at risk for sexual abuse and significantly more likely to be raped. o What did the study find in terms of the risk of rape as it related to gender, GLBO, REM, and DHH? study provided data on these relatively unexamined populations and suggest that these studnets are often victimized at higher rates than those in majority populations
DDH students were not more likely to report rape/attempted rape/sexual abuse then hearing students--increased risk of forced sex and sexual abuse at least once in lifetime
DDH greater risk for physological and physical abuse by partner
GLBO were 4 times more likely to report rape, 5 times more likely to experience sexual assault risk to suffer physical abuse by partner
REM 3 times more likely to experience rape then whites, twice as likely to report sexual abuse by partner
REM greater risk for sexual abuse underrepresented groups at greater risk of various abuse greater public awareness of dating violence will reduce risk for everyone v Wolitzky-Taylor (2011) o What do the authors mean by FR and IR/DAFR?
FR→ forced rape
IR/DAFR→ incapacitated rape/ drug-alcohol facilitated rape
In the author’s study (not the literature review they do, but in Wolitzky-Taylor’s actual study what percent reported their most recent/only rape to the police (law enforcement)?
15.8%(83 women)
Which type of rape, FR or IR/DAFR is more likely to be reported to the police?
Forced rape (FR, 17%)--where as IR/DAFR was 11.9%
Were stranger rapes more or less likely to be reported to the police than known rapists? stranger rapes are more likely to be reported then rapes of acquaintances
25.3% were strangers--24.6% were intimate partners
Were more recent rapes (those occurring after 1980) more or less likely to be reported to the police? What does the author attribute this to? more likely to be reported to police
Attributes this to the encouragement of reporting even if the memory of the rape isn’t crystal clear, and the notion that rape is still rape even when done by an intimate partner (two factors that discourage women from reporting in the past)