Some examples of actual and alleged unethical conduct in practicing assisted reproductive technologies (ART) have given rise public debate about these rapidly progressing technologies. In certain instances it was believed that eggs stored for posterity by patients were used to impregnate others without any explanation, permission, or the informed consent of the parties. Although this was not the first time revelation of potential deception has ever come to light in the field of ART. There have been other cases where a doctor who operated a private clinic used his own sperm for artificial insemination without the patients consent. (Riddick, 2006) The following discusses assisted reproduction, surrogate parenting, what are the implications on the definition of parenting, is surrogate parenting good or bad, as well as if surrogate parenting a way to exploit the poor.…
Advancements in modern technologies in the field of assisted reproductive technology (ART) have opened up the world to a vast array of possibilities. Scientists have developed the ability to retrieve and preserve individual gametes and embryos by way of cryopreservation, a technique that involves preserving biological materials at very low temperatures outside the body for years. . This field of in vitro fertilization (IVF), worth $2 billion annually in the United States, has forced us to think about human tissue in ways never before thought possible. These advancements have meant that it is now possible for children to be conceived after the death of one of their genetic parents. The first reported case of posthumous sperm retrieval (PSR) was in 1980 and between then and 1995 there were 82 requests for PSR in the US alone. While PSR has enabled males (predominately), previously deemed sterile once again fertile, it has posed a number of issues that have been described as the “most challenging, difficult and sensitive that are likely to be encountered in the field of medicine”. Jocelyn Edwards; Re the estate of the late Mark Edwards represented the first time in NSW that a woman was allowed to harvest the sperm of her deceased partner. However, it highlighted a number of issues concerning the control of processes involving gametes, the right to use and control them and whether gametes can actually be considered as property, as well as the obvious moral and ethical issues with completing such a radical procedure. Furthermore, there are those that concern the rights of the child, as well as the danger of commercialisation. This essay will explore each of the policy issues raised in Re Edwards and the concerns for the broader community spectrum as a whole.…
Recent evidence by Stanford University has shown that a surrogate’s womb may act as more than just a home for a fetus, in fact, the womb may effects how a child’s genes will be programmed (Moss and Baden). If this study is correct it would suggest that surrogacy may be more than just a service. Additionally, this evidence would change the role of a surrogate to lean farther away from a service provider, and closer to selling a child with whom a surrogate has genetic ties too. Studies like these have amplified anti-surrogacy arguments like those of Barba Rothman. In her article, “On Surrogacy” Rothman rejects the idea that, “a woman can be pregnant with someone else’s baby… it reduces a woman to a container.” Furthermore, Rothman insists that surrogacy is baby-selling.…
Surrogate motherhood raises difficult ethical, philosophical and social issues. There is debate in the community as to the wisdom of surrogacy arrangements. There is scope for disagreement as to the morality of aspects of such reviews the arrangements. This Chapter reviews the arguments for and against surrogacy, including the moral bases for making judgements about surrogacy. In raising these issues the Commission is seeking guidance on community attitudes to assist in formulating principles on can he made.…
Today, as a result of developing new technologies, parents can know the gender of their unborn baby and also can chose the child’s gender before to be implanted in the womb. Technologies as Vitro fertilization and testing the embryos for abnormalities are the most controversial movement for reproductive freedom in our days. Using Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis for non-medical purposes can be a violation of ethical and moral practices.…
Infertility, or sterility, is the inability to produce offspring or the inability to conceive. Although the majority of American men and women assume that they will mature, fall in love, and create children of their own, the rate of fertility continues to decrease over the years, and the American dream of becoming a parent does not always become a reality. Although some men and women are complacent with adoption or an egg/sperm donation, others who plan for a child of their own consider infertility as a major devastation. Research has shown that over thirty percent of women in America experience complications with fertility and fourteen percent of all clinically recognized pregnancies in America result in a miscarriage or stillbirth (Schwerdtfeger). However, fertility is not just a concern for females. For centuries, if a couple were unable to have children, the fault was put on the women, although we now know that both men and women suffer equally from fertility complications. Among couples who are infertile, about forty percent of cases are exclusively due to female infertility, forty percent to male infertility and ten percent involving problems with both partners (McArthur). The factor of not being able to produce offspring is a hard concept to endure for both genders, and can result in severe emotional issues that can be sustained for an extended period of time. The effects of being infertile can take a severe toll on one’s relationship with family, friends, and most commonly, their significant other.…
There are few cases where the conventional options cannot be used for having a baby. In such cases, couples can solicit the assistance of a third party to provide sperm, egg or carry a child for them. This is termed as ‘surrogacy.’ Women without uterus or with uterine diseases or with hysterectomy done can choose surrogacy for having a…
[ 13 ]. Scott, Rae B. Parental Rights and the Definition of motherhood in Surrogate motherhood.Womens studies 219 spring 2004…
Time and time again, Hollywood has presented the power and influence a good teacher can have on the lives of young students. Most of us have had an influential teacher at least once in our lives. Imagine what we could have become if all our teachers had been willing to pull extra weight to help us achieve our full potential. In today's society, the public school system for K-12 is failing. America has become in the lowest percentile in the world for math and science. How can this be in a country with so many freedoms and advantages? Perhaps one of the largest factors in the failing school system is the lack of good teachers. At the head of this crashing train is tenure. We need to rid public school systems of tenure, implement more aggressive evaluation processes for educators, and reward or discipline teachers according to their achievements in the classroom. America's public school system would be better off eliminating tenure and implementing a two tier system based on teacher merit.…
The government must focus more on revising this in order to increase the number of adopted children. Typically, prospective parents unable to have biological children are the main people who turn to adoption. Studies found, however, that only 10-25% of all infertile couples actually pursue adoption (Newman). This means that the greater majority choose between seeking expensive infertility treatments and remaining childless. All facts point to the adoption process itself being the reason behind these low numbers. As the years passed and more protocols were installed, adoption agencies became more and more selective on who can adopt. It did this in order to ensure that children would get placed in a suitable home with caring and loving parents, especially since many of these kids already experienced severe abuse from their biological parents. All of these restrictions, however, also cause many to give up partway through the process because they feel both mentally and financially drained and typically still have many years to go before they can bring home their new child. Don Simkovich, the director of church relations at The Child Share Program, Inc., referred to the procedure as “a roller coaster of emotions, paperwork, and love that takes an adventurous spirit to navigate” (qtd. in Newman). Unfortunately,…
What is the reality of surrogacy today? Is it the miracle of helping couples complete their families with a baby? Is it pushing technology to surpass Mother Nature so that infertile couples or same sex couples can have a child of their own? How far will we go as a country, a nation, or a world to ensure a couple has a baby? Are the motives surrounding this process in the best interest of the families and the baby? The reality of surrogacy is the demand. With demand comes great responsibility and with the demand for surrogacy growing so rapidly, we have a responsibility to ensure the safety of the surrogate, couples seeking surrogacy and the child. To ensure safety, laws and regulations must be implemented not only state wide but nationally as well.…
However, she mentions that there are the “usual clients”—particularly in their teenage years—that so clearly have no parental or financial support behind them. The argument that is made here by pro-choice activists, is that the when the ability to take care of the potential child is at stake—thus providing a lifestyle that is not fit for a baby—it is of greater nobility to clear the child and the mother of such burden. In my opinion, there is only one word for a person with this attitude: selfish. Having a personal relationship with someone who is struggling with the fact that she is incapable of having children of her own, I see the inevitable sorrow that goes along with having an incomplete family despite your greatest efforts. In the essay, it is said that there are over 100 abortions a day in that particular clinic alone. In this world, if all of those people chose to let a family who is capable of providing the child a stable homelife adopt the child, they would not only be saving the child’s life, but saving a family’s life. Infertility is a growing issue in today’s society, and adoption is sometimes the only answer. Families around the world who are struggling with this issue have to pray for a miracle, as sometimes it takes up to 10 years to finally adopt a child. This is all happening, whilst girls and women alike are making it a…
Becoming a parent is a life changing decision and for some, it can be very difficult to have a child of their own. There are many different options, from adoption to in-vitro fertilization. According to the Centers of Disease Control and Prevention, 6.7 million women between the ages of 15-44 are infertile in the United States. The joy of becoming a mother is a blessing and many of these women end up searching for other alternatives. There has been much debate on the concept of surrogate motherhood. Surrogacy gives the opportunity for infertile women and gay couples to become parents and raise children of their own, but is this the best option?…
The choice between adoption and abortion changes millions of lives every day. Some advocates of abortion feel if the mother of the child thinks that she will not be a good parent or thinks she will harm the child, that she has the right to abort the child. Abortion is a life changing decision and has the reputation of being an easy way out of an unwanted pregnancy. Adoption, on the other hand, is one way for a woman who is not prepared to be a parent to provide her child the best life possible without being involved in the child’s life. According to national estimates, one million children in the United States live with adoptive parents and from 2% to 4% of American families include an adopted child (Stolley). Those who truly care about children and ultimately want the best for them should consider these life-changing decisions and seriously weigh both the positives and the negatives. It is extremely important to ask which choice is best for an unborn child: adoption or abortion. It is important to compare and contrast these options before a life altering decision is made. However, this is not a choice to be taken lightly. One of the most controversial debates involving pregnancy is a woman’s right to terminate an unborn child or place that child for adoption with another family.…
Many couples today are unable to get pregnant whether that be because of health issues or unknown causes. Adoption is an alternative way to have a family; it is a lifetime decision that should be made very cautiously. Adoption is a process where parents are supplied for children whose biological parents are deceased, or for those children whose biological parents are unable or unwilling to provide for their care. The children are provided for childless couples or individuals interested in becoming parents. According to Dr. Ruth Mc. Roy at the UT School of Social Work, “There are approximately 5,000,000 US births each year. Out of that approximation 118,000 are adoptions.” Adoption can be traced back to the Bible.…