References: Harris, P, Nagy, S & Vardaxis, N. 2010 Mosby’s Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing &…
Patho—retrovirus that integrates itself into the genetic material of a host cell, changing the proviral DNA and encoding structure, regulatory, and accessory proteins within the cell. Reverse transcriptase help the virus produce in the host cell. Signs & Symptoms—none, possibly flu-like. Patient Teaching—prevention of secondary infection, hand hygiene, decrease risk of infection at home, NO cats. Nursing Implications—prevent secondary infection, prevent wasting syndrome from malnutrition, maintain or improve the present level of immune function, maintain adequate social functioning, and maintain or improve current mental status. HIV-1 and HIV-2 are both retroviruses and have only RNA as their genetic material. When they replicate their genetic material is placed in the DNA of the host cell. Risk Factors—contact with body fluids, sex…etc.. Sentinel Infection—opportunistic infections that indicate immunosuppression, appears as oral thrush, recurrent vaginal yeast infections, or skin disorders. NNRTIs/PIs Action—Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors act by binding to and disabling reverse transcriptase, a protein that is needed for replication of HIV. Protease Inhibitors work on the last stage of viral production cycle by preventing the virus from maturing and cause the release of immature viruses, which are then unable to infect other host cells. Needlestick Treatment—notify infection control officer, 2-drug or 3-drug therapy must be taken for 4-6 weeks. CD4 Count—A diagnosis of AIDS is usually made in a HIV-infected patient with a CD4 T-lymphocyte count less than 200cells/uL or with a specific opportunistic infection being diagnosed.…
Following the discovery, the first test for HIV was approved in 1985. Over the years, medications to combat the virus were developed as well as medicine to prevent infection all without a successful result. HIV/AIDS remain one of the greatest health and social problem threatening humanity. The basic biology of the virus from inside out include RNA which contains all of its genetic information, a key enzymes it uses to replicates (reverse transcriptase) and a binding proteins that allow it to binds to human cell, (USAID,2007).…
Robert Gallo and his colleagues had isolated the retrovirus HTLV-III and a diagnostic blood test was well into development. Less than a year later, FDA licenses HIV blood tests for sale (CDC).This was a momentous achievement; in such a short time the scientific community had persevered against this faceless, mysterious threat and were making progress. Prior to this, the scientific community saw viral infections as impossible to treat, and not serious enough to finance thorough research for a cure (Zurger). “Immunologists now have a far better understanding of the primary immune cells called T-lymphocytes that the virus particularly strikes [...] and the complex links between cancer, immunity and infection have also been cemented by findings in H.I.V.-infected people” (Zurger). The field of retrovirology was born; scientists were able to gain from the massive inflow of data collected over the next years how retroviruses alter the DNA of their host cells, how they evade immune detection, and were able to draw parallels between the spread of cancer and and spread of HIV infection. This provided the necessary context for inferences on the bases for RNA genetic code, sparking research that was able to assess and explain the function of reverse transcriptase (Broder). In 1985, the first treatment for HIV/AIDS, Zidovudine (commonly referred to as AZT), was sold and several wellness programs…
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is what causes AIDS. HIV destroys CD4 helper lymphocyte in the body which is a defense cell. The body’s immune system which helps fight off infections contains the CD4 lymphocytes. As HIV destroys the CD4 lymphocytes in the body, people start to get infections that they normally would not get. Once the HIV has destroyed the immune system the patient has acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).People with AIDS cannot fight off infections. There are several ways that HIV can be transmitted, such as; body fluids, breast milk, shared needles, from an infected person through semen, blood, and from infected mother to her baby during childbirth (Teens Health, 2009).…
4) positive antibodies to the viral capsid antigen, the early antigen, and the EBV nuclear antigen (EBNA)…
The disease has been a focus of researchers worldwide. Most Aids related lymphomas are “high grade” aggressive non hodgkin's lymphoma. Lymphoma is a cancer that starts off in the cells of the lymph system. The lymph system is a part of the immune system that helps the body fight infections and diseases. lymph tissue is found throughout the whole body so lymphoma can start basically…
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a virus that affects the human immune system and leads to a stat makes the patient unable to fight against diseases and so opportunistic diseases such Tuberculosis and others affect the individual (Worthington et al., 2010). HIV/AIDS was first realized in 1981 by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention and is believed to have originated from West-Central Africa. HIV/AIDS has been termed as one of the greatest causes of death in the global society (Gibbs, 2010). The virus is spread when body fluids of a victim gets into contact with the body fluids of another person. Due to the nature of the disease, even unsuspecting individuals such as patients undergoing blood transfusion, unborn babies and others can become victims. HIV is primarily spread through sexual intercourse without any form of protection (Ford et al., 2007; Gardezi et al., 2008).…
HIV is the human immunodeficiency virus that causes AIDS. A member of a group of viruses called retroviruses, HIV infects human cells and uses the energy and nutrients provided by those cells to grow and reproduce. Most people are not aware of even carrying the disease. In order for you to be clear of this disease always make sure you maintain yourself well and stay protected.…
Centers for Disease and Prevention alarmed the public in 1981 about the emergence of an agent capable of suppressing the immune response on humans; a new virus. Because the virus attacks the immune system, they named it “acquired immunodeficiency syndrome”.…
The virus is highly contagious and can easily be transmitted through direct contact of infected cells. The life cycle of the VZV begins with viral entry into the host. While the mechanism of this is yet to be fully understood, it is believed that the virus enters the host either through endocytosis or with direct fusion of particles with the plasma membrane (Zerboni et. al, 2014). It is predicted that viral envelope proteins interact with cell surface receptor such as manose-6-phosphate. After entry into the host cell the viron undergoes uncoating and protein 62 is produced. This protein is regarded as a transcription factor, therefore it must be produced and released before new protein synthesis can occur (Zerboni et. al, 2014). The virus codes for 3 immediate-early (IE) proteins that also play a role in regulating viral transcription by inhibiting the activity of interferon-alpha (Cohen, 2010). These immediate early regulatory proteins are encoded by alpha genes and help regulate beta genes, are present in open reading frames 4, 61, 62 and 63 (Ancton, 2012). These beta genes encode proteins which make enzymes that are used in DNA…
T Cells are the first to be impacted by an HIV infection that enters a host. Helper T cells - which originate in the lymphatic tissue - are critical to immune system functioning, and assist in a variety of different ways. First, Helper T cells produce cytokines, which are chemical messengers that alert other members of the immune system that the body is under attack from an antigen. Helper T cells activate B Cells, which are another “flavor” of lymphocyte. The B cells will develop a clonal line that produce both plasma (antibody-carrying) and memory B cells, both of which are critical in immune defense and a faster recovery period in incidences of future repeated infection.…
-HIV positive is a fragile virus transmitted only through contact with body fluids. HIV attacks CD4 cells and macrophages. CD4 cell = T helper cell attacks this. It is the bridge for the target of the antigen and killing it. HIV gets in the helper cell and sends out more viruses to kill more CD4 cells. HIV slowly debilitates body immune systems, both T cell and B cell immunity. There is a latent period where the virus particles increase in blood and the CD4 level decreases in blood which increases the vulnerability to opportunistic infections. AIDS Diagnosis(acquired immune deficiency syndrome) occurs when there are 200 CD4 cells, HIV antibody, and presence of opportunistic infection. When…
individuals persist that AIDS is a gay disease and that if one is not gay, one…
In human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, there is one essential virulence protein, the Nef protein, which is identified as a negative factor due to it having a negative effect on viral replication (1). It performs critical functions in the host during the viral life cycle. The Nef protein is only active during the early stages of the HIV infection (2). It primarily enhances viral replication, infectivity and pathogenesis. Therefore, Nef has a crucial role in HIV infection as it is based mainly on the Nef performance to downregulate CD4, from the cell surface, and major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I), the important surface molecules in T-cell activation (3). In one study they demonstrate that if the cells susceptible to HIV infection, the products of accessory gene can change severity of viral infection (4). Rhesus monkey were tested and demonstrated that a Nef gene is crucial for reaching high virus loads and development of AIDS-like disease in animals (5). Nef is a 206 amino acid myristoylated peripheral membrane protein (6). It consists of a core domain, an anchor domain and two flexible loops which are located at the N terminus and near the C terminus (7). Nef-core domain has a type II polyproline for Scr family kinase to bind. Various host cell signaling pathways are influenced by Nef to promote HIV-1 replication in AIDS pathogenesis (4). To enhance infectivity through signaling pathway, Nef needs to directly interact with the Scr family of protein tyrosine kinases such as Hck and Lyn, Lck and Fyn (8). There is a PxxP binding motif of Src homology region 3 (SH3) domain which is present in Nef, that plays an important role in promoting viral replication (8). The best understood phenotypic effect of Nef is the downregulation…