Organization and Markets Harvard University Working Paper No. 04-26 Agency Costs of Overvalued Equity Michael C. Jensen Harvard Business School; The Monitor Company; Social Science Electronic Publishing (SSEP)‚ In. This paper can be downloaded without charge from the Social Science Research Network Electronic Paper Collection at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=480421 MICHAEL C. JENSEN April 2004 Agency Costs of Overvalued Equity Michael C. Jensen mjensen@hbs.edu Jesse Isidor Straus Professor
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Agency Costs of Free Cash Flow‚ Corporate Finance‚ and Takeovers Michael C. Jensen Harvard Business School MJensen@hbs.edu Abstract The interests and incentives of managers and shareholders conflict over such issues as the optimal size of the firm and the payment of cash to shareholders. These conflicts are especially severe in firms with large free cash flows—more cash than profitable investment opportunities. The theory developed here explains 1) the benefits of debt in reducing agency
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Cost of equity refers to a shareholder’s required rate of return on an equity investment. It is the rate of return that could have been earned by putting the same money into a different investment with equal risk. How It Works/Example: The cost of equity is the rate of return required to persuade an investor to make a given equity investment. In general‚ there are two ways to determine cost of equity. First is the dividend growth model: Cost of Equity = (Next Year’s Annual Dividend /
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its higher volatility‚ should we expect Microsoft to have an equity cost of capital that is higher than 10%? No‚ Microsoft is diversifiable and it will not be affected by the changes in the market. We do not expect Microsoft’s equity cost of capital to be higher than 10%. Each stock carries its own weight. B. What would have to be true for Microsoft’s equity cost of capital to be equal to 10%? In order for Microsoft’s equity cost of capital to be 10% its beta will have to be 1. 4. Suppose
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Agency Costs and Corporate Governance I Introduction Before analysing problems that occur when institutional ownership and control are separated‚ it should be outlined why institutions exist at all. Therefore‚ chapter two examines why organizations occur in economy. Chapter three addresses the agency problem‚ based on this organization. Chapter four addresses the common ways to solve the agency problem and chapter five gives a comparison over the three most important corporate governance systems
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recommendation as to the cost equity model they should implement to estimate their future rate of returns. This report will discuss the accuracy and ease of use of these three models. The main consideration will be determined by how realistic each model is at developing the assumed rate of return. Part 2 of this paper will discuss the cost of equity or discount rate based on hypothetical data to be calculated using the CAPM model. Considering the information presented‚ the cost of equity for each company
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| Table of Contents Cost of Capital 2 Value of Equity 2 Cost of Equity 2 CAPM Model 2 Dividend Growth Model 3 Value of Debt 3 Cost of Debt 4 WACC (Weighted Average Cost of Capital) 4 Comparison to Joanna Cohen’s Analysis 4 Financial Statement Analysis 5 Nike Inc. 5 Financial Ratios 6 Leverage Ratios 6 Efficiency Ratios 6 Liquidity Ratios 7 Profitability Ratios 7 Valuation Ratios 7 Conclusion 8 Appendix A – Ratio Calculation 9 Leverage Ratios 9 Efficiency Ratios 9 Liquidity Ratios
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Agency Costs and Financial Decision-Making The Concept An agency relationship is a contract under which one or more persons (the principal(s)) engage another person (the agent) to perform some service on their behalf which involves delegating some decision making authority to the agent. If both parties to the relationship are utility maximizers and they may have divergent goals and objectives‚ and there is good reason to believe that the agent will not always act in the best interests of the
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1. How are Mortensen’s estimates of Midland’s cost of capital used? How‚ if at all‚ should these anticipated uses affect the calculations? Mortensen’s cost of capital estimates are used for a variety of purposes at both the divisional and corporate levels. Examples include internal analyses such as financial accounting‚ performance assessment and capital budgeting‚ while others are used for strategic planning purposes such as merger and acquisition‚ as well as stock repurchase decisions (Luehrman
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DISCUSS THE CAUSES AND COSTS ASSOCIATED WITH PRINCIPAL AGENCY PROBLEM (10) Principal agency problem refers to a conflict arising when people appointed (agents) and entrusted to look after the interests of others (principals) use the authority‚ power or resources for their own benefit instead. It is a pervasive problem and exists in practically every organisation whether a business‚ church‚ club or government. Organisations try to solve it by instituting measures such as tough screening processes
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