and determination. (p. 147) i ’It appears from cross-cultural research that facial expressions have a somewhat universal nature’. (p. 148) j ’Studies such as these do point to a universality amoung facial gestures.’ (p. 148) k ’Mark Knapp (1978)‚ as well as other researchers‚ notes four major functions of eye communication.’ (p. 153) l ’In studies conducted on gazing behaviour and summarized by Knapp and Hall (1992)‚ it has ben found that listeners gaze at speakers more than speakers gaze at
Premium Nonverbal communication Cognition Mind
nl/locate/econbase Exchange rate exposure‚ hedging‚ and the use of foreign currency derivatives George Allayannis a‚* ‚ Eli Ofek b a b Darden Graduate School of Business Administration‚ University of Virginia‚ PO Box 6550‚ Charlottesville‚ VA 22906‚ USA Stern School of Business‚ New York University‚ 44 West 4th St. #908‚ New York‚ NY 10012‚ USA Abstract We examine whether firms use foreign currency derivatives for hedging or for speculative purposes. Using a sample of
Premium Foreign exchange market Exchange rate United States dollar
lot of volatility in other markets around the world owing to increased inflation and the oil shock. Export Houses struggled to cope with the uncertainty in profits‚ cash flows and future costs. It was then that financial derivative – foreign currency‚ interest rate‚ and commodity derivatives emerged as means of managing risks facing corporations. In India‚ exchange rates were deregulated and were allowed to be determined by markets in 1993. The economic liberalization of the early nineties facilitated
Premium Foreign exchange market
foreign exchange hedging policy? GM’s foreign exchange hedging policy has three primary objectives. Its first objective is to reduce cash flow and earnings volatility. Specifically‚ management hedges the company’s transaction exposures and consciously ignores any balance sheet exposures (translation exposures). Second‚ GM aims to minimize the management time and costs dedicated to global FX management. The company employs a passive FX management strategy since an internal study determined that
Premium Forward contract Futures contract Hedge
Derivatives and Hedging Assignment: Hedging Strategy comprised of GM stock and 3.5% is comprised of Ford stock. Assume that GM and Ford are the only automobile industry holdings in the portfolio. Assume that you are bearish on the automobile industry over the next six months and neutral to bullish on all other industries. Utilizing derivatives create a hedging strategy to protect the portfolio over the next six months from your bearish automobile industry outlook. Risk management is defined
Premium Derivative Hedge Futures contract
Dozier Hedging Alternatives Forward Market Hedge: Dozier would purchase U.S. dollars under a forward contract. The contract would obligate Dozier to pay £1‚057‚500 in exchange for £1‚057‚500 x 1.4198 $/£ = $1‚501‚438.50 assuming the transaction was at the quoted 3-month forward rate in Exhibit 4. Relative to the value of the contract at the current exchange rate‚ £1‚057‚500 x 1.4370 $/£ = $1‚519‚627.50 Dozier would accepting a reduction in the revenue from the contract of $1‚519
Premium Forward contract United States dollar Currency
defined generally as foreign exchange transactions conducted by the monetary authorities with the aim of influencing exchange rates. It is the process by which the monetary authorities attempt to influence market conditions and/or the value of the home currency on the foreign exchange market. Intervention usually aims to promote stability by countering disorderly markets‚ or in response to special circumstances. In Japan‚ the Minister of Finance is legally authorized to conduct intervention as a means to
Premium Central bank Monetary policy Foreign exchange market
5 Hedging Interest-Rate Risk with Duration Before implementing any kind of hedging method against the interest-rate risk‚ we need to understand how bond prices change‚ given a change in interest rates. This is critical to successful bond management. 5.1 Basics of Interest-Rate Risk: Qualitative Insights The basics of bond price movements as a result of interest-rate changes are perhaps best summarized by the five theorems on the relationship between bond prices and yields. As an illustration
Premium Bond Bonds
foreign exchange exposures due to fluctuations in the values of currencies; to manage this problem it has adopted a passive hedging policy and aims to reduce the impact of foreign exchange exposures on the business. The first part of this report outlines the various types of foreign exchange exposures that GM can subject itself to and also outlines what methods can be used to reduce the risk associated with changes in the value of currencies; the policies adopted by GM are then outlined and the strategic
Premium United States dollar Foreign exchange market Currency
ISSN 0825-5822 The texts published in the series "Cahiers du CETAI" are solely the responsibility of their authors. Cahier de recherche THE NONORTHODOX CURRENCY BOARDS: THE CASE OF BULGARIA Nikolay NENOVSKY* and Kalin HRISTOV* 2001-01 January 2001 * Bulgarian National Bank‚ Research Department; University of National and World Economy‚ Department of Finance‚ Sofia‚ Bulgaria. Copyright © 2001. Centre d’études en administration internationale (CETAI)‚ École des Hautes Études commerciales
Premium Central bank Monetary policy Federal Reserve System