Oxygen Requirements of Bacteria BACKGROUND The GasPak system is useful for culturing anaerobic bacteria on standard microbiological media because the GasPak generates carbon dioxide and hydrogen. The hydrogen will combine with oxygen present in an anaerobic jar to produce water. This system can reproducibly attain oxygen levels in the parts per million range if used correctly. This is the best method for determining the oxygen requirements of unknown organisms. A candle jar is useful
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Basic chemistry of a cell Properties of water – – – Life on Earth began in water and evolved there for 3 billion years before spreading onto land. Modern life‚ even terrestrial life‚ remains tied to water. All living organisms require water more than any other substance. Human beings for example‚ can survive for quite for a few weeks without food‚ but only a week or so without water. – – – Water is deceptively simple. It is shaped something like a wide V‚ with its two hydrogen atoms joined
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The Origin and Evolution of Life on Earth Why do we start the discussion of biology with a discussion of geology? Here are some reasons why one would do this: * All life on earth is linked to geology; likewise‚ many surface geologic features and processes have been influenced by life on earth. The origin and early evolution of the earth are especially important when looking at the origin and early evolution of life on earth. * Life chemistry had its origin with the elements available to
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1800’s. (Wikipedia) The first steam engines operated on the ability of steam to condense back into liquid rather than on its ability to expand. When steam condenses‚ the liquid takes less space than the steam. If this condensation takes place in a sealed container‚ it creates a partial vacuum‚ or a pressure much lower than that of the surrounding atmosphere. Liquids and gases tend to flow from regions of higher pressure to regions of lower pressure‚ so when a vessel
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temperature increases‚ water vapor capacity of air also increases. Dew Point Temperature- Conceptual Framework: As temp. of parcel of air decreases R.H. increases When Parcel of air has cooled to the dew point of temp‚ it becomes saturated and condensation takes place. With altitude pressure decreases – as parcel of air rises – it comes under low pressure – and expands. Adiabatic – a process where the parcel temperature changes due to an expansion or compression‚ no heat is added or take away
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5. ENERGY BALANCE Basis:- 1 Hr. Operation ENERGY BALANCES ACROSS THE FEED PREHEATING EQUIPMENT:The heating of cold 2-butanol feed is to be completed in three stages in order to avoid large heat losses. The cold feed is first preheated to its boiling point using steam as heating medium and then vaporized in a thermosyphon reboiler utilizing the heat contained in the reaction products. The vapor‚ which has entrained liquid is removed from the knock out drum‚ and then heated to reaction temperature
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adenine & guanine Pyrimidines- cytosine‚ thymine (DNA)‚ uracil (RNA) Pentose vs. Hexose sugars Pentose- 5 carbon atoms Hexose- 6 carbon atoms Carbohydrates Empirical Formula CH2O Hydrolysis vs. Condensation Reactions Hydrolysis- using water to break down protein into amino acids Condensation Reaction- nucleotides Enzymes- a protein that speeds up a chemical reaction - usually end in -ase Ribose vs. Deoxyribose Ribose- C5H10O5 Deoxyribose- C5H10O4 Lipids- Glycerol + Fatty Acids
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A chemical reaction where a chemical is broken down by a reaction with water. Hydrolysis is important for the digestion of food‚ making it biologically important. 1. Condensation - The opposite of hydrolysis‚ when two molecules form one. In most biochemical reactions water is produced when the molecules join. Condensation reactions are used to build muscle tissue making them biologically important. 2. Oxidation and
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milk (milk sugar); contributes half of energy in milk Lactose Intolerance- body lacks enough lactase Hydrolysis Chemical reaction- breaks a disacch into 2 monosacchs Water molecule splits to provide H and OH Commonly occurs in digestion Condensation Chemical reaction- links 2 monosacchs Hydroxyl group (OH) & H atom combine to form water Polysaccharides- chains of monosacchs; complex carbs Glycogen Storage form of energy in the body (1/3 in liver‚ 2/3 in muscle cells) Built of glucose
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System – Matter with two or more physically distinct phases present. 8 Deposition Freezing Solid Condensation Liquid Melting Evaporation Gas Phases are homogenous part of a system Sublimation and separated from other parts by physical Phase Change 10 11 Phase Changes in Matter - Melting - Sublimation Solid to liquid - Freezing Solid to gas Liquid to solid - Evaporation - Condensation Liquid to gas - Deposition Gas to liquid Gas to solid Bose Einstein
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