Amides R – N – H \ H R – C=O \NH2 Sulfhydryl Thiols R – SH Phosphate Organic phosphates (double bond between O and P) O R – O – P – O O Alkanes (single carbon bonds) R – C – C – H Alkenes (double carbon bonds) R – C = C – H Alkynes (triple carbon bonds) R – C = C - H Ester linkage (double bond between O and C) O R – C – O – R Ether linkage R – O – R Biochemical Molecules (Macromolecules) Carbohydrates
Free Protein DNA Cell
Analysis of Alcohols‚ Aldehydes and Ketones Karl Wayne Mancao‚ Raphaell Mordeno‚ Andres Pastrana III*‚ and Shannen Peñaverde Department of Biology‚ University of Santo Tomas‚ Manila‚ Philippines Abstract The proponents have done several tests for identifying alcohols‚ aldehydes and ketones. These tests are Dichromate test‚ Tollens test‚ Lucas test‚ DNPH test and Iodoform test. Three samples got positive result in dichromate test and one in Tollens test. Lucas test got one sample that has
Premium Alcohol Oxygen Aldehyde
pyridinium tribromide‚ bromination with hydrogen peroxide and hydrobromic acid‚ and debromination with zinc. The yields of parts A‚ B‚ and C are as follows: 68.6 %‚ 54.6 %‚ and 55.9 %. Introduction In the chemical process of bromination‚ an alkene is halogenated with bromine. Solvents that are typically used include methylene chloride and carbon tetrachloride along with iodine‚ the traditional reagent. However‚ because of the carcinogenic properties of the solvents and the corrosiveness of
Premium Acid Oxygen Solvent
Biotechnology In environment Clean up Process - APPSC G1 Mains - Paper 4 - Section 2 - Unit 3 The term "Environment" is defined as our surroundings which includes the abiotic component (the non living) and biotic component (the living) around us. The abiotic environment includes water‚ air and soil while the biotic environment consists of all living organisms – plants‚ animals and microorganisms. Environmental pollution broadly refers to the presence of undesirable substances in the environment
Premium Bacteria Soil contamination Pollution
properties and typical pigments found in plants are chlorophyll A‚ chlorophyll B‚ β-Carotene‚ lutein‚ neoxathin‚ violaxanthin‚ and phaeophtin. The most abundant of the pigments are chlorophyll A and chlorophyll B‚ the only Name of Class fast alkanes alkenes ethers halogenated hydrocarbons aromatic hydrocarbons increasing polarity aldehydes and ketones esters alcohols amines slow carboxylic acids General Formula difference between the two is that on ring 3 chlorophyll a has a RH R2C CR2 methyl
Premium Chromatography High performance liquid chromatography
Synthesis of t-Pentyl Chloride Introduction: Using SN1 reaction mechanism with hydrochloric acid‚ t-Pentyl alcohol was converted to t-Pentyl chloride in an acid catalyzed reaction. The reaction took place in a separatory funnel designed to separate immiscible liquids. The crude product was extracted by transferring a solute from one solvent to another. The process of washing the solutions by phase transfer was used in order to remove impurities from the main solvent layer. Finally‚ the crude
Premium Ethanol Solvent Distillation
This lab will allows the comparison between elimination reactions under acidic and basic conditions through an analysis of two separate reactions: an acid-catalyzed dehydration of 1-butanol and 2-butanol using sulfuric acid and a dehydrobromination under basic conditions using potassium tert-butoxide of 1-bromobutane and 2-bromobutane. The products of all four reactions will be analyzed with gas chromatography‚ which separates organic compounds to see how each reaction’s product are formed under
Premium Chemistry Chemical reaction Acetic acid
Experiment 11: Synthesis of Dibenzalacetone by the Aldol condensation Introduction: The Aldol condensation reaction‚ under basic conditions‚ involves the nucleophilic addition of an enolate ion to another carbonyl group. The resulting product‚ a beta-hydroxy ketone or aldehyde‚ is called an aldol because it contains both and aldehyde group and the hydroxy group of alcohol. Condensations‚ including aldol condensation‚ combine two or more molecules‚ typically with a loss of a smaller molecule (including
Premium Aldehyde Chemistry Carbonyl
Markovnikov’s rule says that in a reaction between an “H-X” molecule (hydrogen attached to a halide) and an alkene‚ the halogen would ultimately added to the carbon that has more carbons attached to it (primary versus secondary versus tertiary) . There are several factors that are important for the success of the reaction. One is the necessity to vigorously stir
Premium Chemistry Experiment Scientific method
ELECTRONEGATIVITY This page explains what electronegativity is‚ and how and why it varies around the Periodic Table. It looks at the way that electronegativity differences affect bond type and explains what is meant by polar bonds and polar molecules. If you are interested in electronegativity in an organic chemistry context‚ you will find a link at the bottom of this page. What is electronegativity Definition Electronegativity is a measure of the tendency of an atom to attract a bonding pair
Free Ionic bond Chemical bond Electronegativity