of theory of mind: evidence from very high functioning adults with autism or Asperger Syndrome. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry‚ 38‚ 813-822. Baron-Cohen‚ S.‚ Leslie‚ A. M.‚ & Frith‚ U. (1985). Does the autistic child have a ’theory of mind ’? Cognition‚ 21‚ 37-46. Baron-Cohen‚ S.‚ Leslie‚ A. M.‚ & Frith‚ U. (1986). Mechanical‚ behavioural and Intentional understanding of picture stories in autistic children. British Journal of Developmental Psychology‚ 4‚ 113-125. Baron-Cohen‚ S.‚ Wheelwright
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the theory-of-mind hypothesis to explain the behavioral symptoms that characterize ASD. Initial studies of theirs had shown that most children with ASD whose mental and verbal abilities that were beyond 4-year-old level failed the Sally-Anne tasks. (FRITH‚ 1985) Children with autism normally have executive-function deficits that require planning‚ flexibility and working memory that are combined with inhibitory control. While autistic children have executive-function deficits‚ it has also been shown
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com/entry/esthumanbrain/iii_the_damage_to_gage_s_skull_and_brain Damasio‚ H.‚ Grabowski‚ T.‚ Frank‚ R.‚ Galaburda‚ AM.‚ & Damasio‚ AR.‚ (1994). The return of Phineas Gage: clues about the brain from the skull of a famous patient. Science‚ 264(5162)‚ 1102-1105. Frith‚ C.‚ & Dolan‚ R. (1998). The role of the prefrontal cortex in higher cognitive functions. Cognitive Brain Research‚ 5(1-2)‚ 175-181. Gerhand‚ S. (1999). The prefrontal cortex-executive and cogntive functions. Brain‚ 122(5)‚ 994-995. doi:10.1093/brain/122
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Free will is fundamental to human existence (Arnason‚ 2011). Neuroscience implies that free will is not a defining feature of humanness‚ but is in fact an illusion concealed by biochemical complexity (Burns & Bechara‚ 2007). Developments in neuroscience have led us to question our views about whether we have conscious free will (Heisenberg‚ 2009; Nahmias‚ 2009; Smith‚ 2011). Various experiments into the phenomenon appear to show that we do not have conscious free will‚ however these experiments have
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(EU)‚ in larger part because of EU sugar subsidies. Conversely‚ Mozambique sugar farmers have a difficult time competing in world sugar markets despite their lower production costs because the EU subsidies artificially lower the world price of sugar (Frith 2005). In this way‚ export subsidies often disrupt and impede economic development in less-developed countries. In addition‚ export subsidies can often lead individuals and countries to engage in legislative actions in order to mitigate the impact
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Self-understanding in high-functioning males with autism spectrum disorders: Relationship with social functioning and theory of mind By Fiona Barbouttis Martin BA (Psych) Grad Dip Sci (Psych) A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Medicine) Centre for Behavioural Sciences in Medicine The University of Sydney August 2008 Preface All of the work described in this thesis was carried out personally by the author under the auspices
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References: Baron-Cohen‚ S‚ Leslie‚ A.M.‚ & Frith‚ U‚ (1985) Does the autistic child have a “theory of mind? Cognition‚ 21‚ 37-46. Barresi‚ J. & Moore‚ C. (1986). Intentional relations and social understanding. Behavioural and Brain Sciences. 19‚ 107-122. Churchland‚ P. (1990). Could a Machine
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as in they are exceptionally gifted in a specialized field‚ such as artistic ability‚ musical acuity‚ and more (Sicile-Kira‚ 2). This is a falsehood‚ as only ten percent of people with ASD have astounding gifts and are considered Autistic Savants (Frith‚ 29). Another pertinent myth to discuss is the idea that those who are nonverbal are unintelligent. Sadly‚ before I began learning about autism and related conditions‚ to some extent I believed this to be true. Since one-third of those with ASD are
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Since the awareness of autism researchers have investigated two paradigms to explain autism; the cognitive and the psychodynamic. For the purpose of this essay I will be analysing the cognitive paradigm. The cognitive theories explains the unique elements of behaviour (Happi‚ Ronald & Plomin‚ 2006). The preponderate theories being the theory of mind‚ central coherence theory and executive dysfunction. These theories complement each other rather than compete and I will explore how they affect learning
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Are females better “empathizers” than males? Critically discuss evidence and possible explanations. Introduction The term “empathy” has a relatively short history. Its origins lie with the philosophers Theodor Lipps and Robert Vischer‚ having fashioned the German word Einfühlung in the late XIXth century‚ which directly translates to “feeling into”. It was later translated into the English word “empathy” by the psychologist Edward Tichner (Hojat et al. 2003). A universal definition of the
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