RNA comprises the nucleic acids‚ which‚ along with proteins‚ constitute the three major macromolecules essential for all known forms of life. Like DNA‚ RNA is assembled as a chain of nucleotides‚ but is usually single-stranded. Cellular organisms use messenger RNA (mRNA) to convey genetic information (often notated using the letters G‚ A‚ U‚ and C for the nucleotides guanine‚ adenine‚ uracil and cytosine) that directs synthesis of specific proteins‚ while many viruses encode their genetic information
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genetic information from DNA to protein in eukaryotic cells is called the central dogma of biology. The role of RNA in protein synthesis is extremely important as protein synthesis could not occur without RNA. Three forms of RNA exist solely to create proteins. Through a process known as translation‚ RNA constructs the proteins necessary to sustain life. Spliceosomes Process pre-mRNA by splicing out intronic nucleic acids producing mRNA which is then translated to protein in ribosomes. Codons are three
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A central organizing concept in biology is that life changes and develops through evolution‚ and that all life-forms known have a common origin. The theory of evolution postulates that all organisms on the Earth‚ both living and extinct‚ have descended from a common ancestor or an ancestral gene pool. This last universal common ancestor of all organisms is believed to have appeared about 3.5 billion years ago.[21] Biologists generally regard the universality and ubiquity of the genetic code as definitive
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DNA and the Gene: Synthesis and Repair 1) Watson and Crick elucidated the structure of DNA in 1953. Their research built on and helped explain the findings of other scientists‚ including ________. A) X-ray diffraction studies by Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins. B) Chargaff’s rules: C = G and T = A. C) Scientists who recognized that a nucleotide consisted of a sugar‚ a phosphate‚ and a nitrogen-containing base. D) All of the above were important considerations in the elucidation of
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Grayland Martin Period 5 9/4/12 Laboratory 2 Report: Enzyme Catakysis 1. Title • The effect that temperature‚ pH‚ time‚ enzyme concentration‚ and substrate concentration has on Enzyme Catalysis. 2. Abstract • Assess the general functions and activities of enzymes. Analyze the relationship between the structure and function of enzymes. Understand the concept of initial reaction rates of enzymes. Change the temperature‚ pH‚ enzyme concentration‚ substrate
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Biology Revision summer 2012 1-Characteristics of living organisms Nutrition- taking in of nutrients which are organic substances and mineral ions ‚ containing raw materials or energy for growth and tissue repair ‚ absorbing and assimilating them . Excretion- the removal from organisms of toxic material‚ the waste products of metabolism and substances in excess of requirement . Respiration- the chemical reactions that break down the Sensitivity- The ability to detect or sense changes in the
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protection. The rhabdovirus contains up of a helical ribonucleoprotein core(RNP)‚ and an envelope that is surrounding the viru (CDC‚2011). Eukaryotes have a synthesis process between protein and RNA that forms the ribonucleoprotein. The rabies genome has five protein components: nucleoprotein‚ phosphoprotein‚ matrix protein‚ glycoprotein‚ and polymerase protein(CDC‚2011).
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of Muscle Proteins to Infer Evolutionary Relationships of Mammals‚ Fish and Birds Abstract This experiment used electrophoresis to examine the makeup of muscle proteins from two mammals (cow‚ Bos taurus; bear‚ Ursus americanus)‚ two aves (chicken‚ Gallus gallus; turkey‚ Meleagris gallopavo)‚ and two fish (King Salmon‚ Oncorhynchus tshawytscha; Albacore Tuna‚ Scombridae unclassified). The hypothesis was that as species have diverged evolutionarily‚ the makeup of their muscle proteins has also
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biology FOLIO BIOLOGY POLLUTION NIK ‘AINAA SYAKIRAH BT NIK GHAZALI 5 IBNU SINA INTRODUCTION Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into a natural environment that causes instability‚ disorder‚ harm or discomfort to theecosystem i.e. physical systems or living organisms. It can also be define as any undesirable changes in physical‚ chemical or biological characteristics of the natural environment‚ brought about when harmful substances or energy released by human activities. Pollution
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Salters Nuffield Advanced Biology AS Revision summary Unit 1 Topic 1: Lifestyle‚ health and risk Topic 2: Genes and health Unit 2 Topic 3: Topic 4: SNAB Biology AS Revision Summary Understanding the specification The following summary tries to explain what is meant by the specification statements for the SNAB AS course. SNAB includes a lot of material because it helps you to understand ideas or because it is interesting‚ but it can be a little confusing when it comes to knowing what to
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