Periodic Table Trends: Atomic Radius - half of the distance between the centers of two atoms that are touching each other decreases moving left to right increases moving top to bottom Ionization Energy - energy required to remove an electron increases moving left to right decreases moving top to bottom Electron Affinity - ability to accept an electron alkaline earth elements have low electron affinities halogens have high electron affinities noble gases have electron affinities near zero
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centres that surround the central atom. These electron pairs repel each other and arrange themselves to be as far apart as possible‚ thus minimising repulsion. [pic](source: http://www.mikeblaber.org/oldwine/chm1045/notes/Geometry/VSEPR/Geom02.htm) Lone pairs repel more strongly than bonding pairs of electrons therefore a lone pair distorts the shape of a molecule. Nitrogen has 5 outer electrons so ammonia will have four electron pairs around the central nitrogen atom and be tetrahedral with respect
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are chains of monomers (atom or a small molecule that has the potential of chemically binding to other monomers of the same species) which link in various fashions (e.g. cross-link‚ linear linking) to form materials that are used constantly to help humanity’s comfort and existence thrive. An important innovation of chemical advances is a material known as Hydrogels. What are Polymers and Why Use Carbon and Silicon Atoms? Polymers are repeating chains of monomers (atoms) which link in varying
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Chemistry Types pf Compounds * Homogeneous mixtures are composed of one or more parts that look as one. * Heterogeneous mixtures consist of two or more substances and do not look as one. * Compounds are two or more elements that are chemically combined. * Matter that contains more than one kind of particle. * Elements are pure substances that cannot be broken down into smaller parts. * Solutions are a mixture of one or more substances and is homogeneous. * Pure substances
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Intermolecular Bonding Essay Write an essay on intermolecular bonding. Explain how each type of bond arises and the evidence for the existence of each. Comment on their strengths in relation to the types of atoms involved; the covalent bond and relative to each other. Use the concepts of different types and strengths of intermolecular bonds to explain the following: There exists four types of intermolecular bonding‚ they include ionic‚ covalent‚ Van der waals and hydrogen bonding. In order to
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charge. Correct See Section 2.2: How Do Atoms Bond to Form Molecules? Points Earned: 1/1 Correct Answer: A Your Response: A 2. Hydrocarbons are _______ and _______‚ whereas salts are _______ and _______. A. nonpolar; hydrophobic; polar; hydrophilic B. nonpolar; hydrophilic; polar; hydrophobic C. polar; hydrophilic; nonpolar; hydrophobic D. polar; hydrophobic; nonpolar ; hydrophilic E. None of the above Correct See Section 2.2: How Do Atoms Bond to Form Molecules? Points Earned:
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of decomposition‚ a neutron in the nucleus decomposes to form a proton‚ which is retained in the nucleus‚ and an electron‚ which is expelled from the atom. Which change describes a process of this sort? A 11C 12C B 22Na 22Ne C 32P 31P D 40K 40Ca 5. How many electron pairs‚ with principal quantum number n = 3‚ can be accommodated in an atom? A 6 B 9 C 14 D 18 6. The first ionisation energies‚ in kJ mol-1‚ of Group II and III elements are given below: Group II Group III
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to the mass of the smallest known atom. They were all found to be identical despite their origin. Some scientists speculated as to their purpose in the universe. Some though them to be the fundamental building block of the universe. They name for these beta rays was soon replaced by the name electron. The English physicist by the name of JJ Thomson‚ discovered the electron in 1897. He was certain that every atom consisted of electrons. He deduced that since an atom contains a neutral charge and consists
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An ion is an atom or molecule in which the total number of electrons is not equal to the total number of protons‚ giving it a net positive or negative electrical charge. The name was given by physicist Michael Faraday for the substances that allow a current to pass ("go") between electrodes in a solution‚ when an electric field is applied. It is from Greek ιον‚ meaning "going." The word ion also is responsible for electrical current being symbolized by the letter i in chemistry and physics. An anion
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Ernest Rutherford is the man behind the discovery of the central charge in a nucleus. This significant finding changed scientists view on atoms The discovery of the nucleus is one of‚ if not the most important to have ever been made. In this essay I will be discussing how previous assumptions of the atom’s shape‚ curiosity and an accident led to Rutherford’s discovery of the proton. Data and equations from his original journal will also be discussed to further prove the presence of a central charge
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