Genes Kousuke Hanada‚* Shin-Han Shiu‚ and Wen-Hsiung Li* *Department of Ecology and Evolution‚ University of Chicago; and Department of Plant Biology‚ Michigan State University There are 2 ways to infer selection pressures in the evolution of protein-coding genes‚ the nonsynonymous and synonymous substitution rate ratio (KA/KS) and the radical and conservative amino acid replacement rate ratio (KR/KC). Because the KR/KC ratio depends on the definition of radical and conservative changes in the
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M.A. KHAN‚ MAHR-UN-NISA AND ZAFAR IQBAL† Departments of Animal Nutrition and †Veterinary Parasitology‚ University of Agriculture‚ Faisalabad–38040‚ Pakistan ABSTRACT Milk and its products provide nearly one third of world’s intake of animal protein (FAO‚ 1998). Milk and milk products represent 27% of total household expenditures on food items in Pakistan. Per capita availability of milk in Pakistan is 82.4 kg per annum. About 80 thousand tons of dry milk‚ worth rupees 1213.5 million‚ was imported
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competitive binding drugs can cause a decrease in the amount of drug bound to protein and increase the biological active fraction of the drug. The aim of this study is to analyze the interactions of Lomefloxacin (LMF) and Colchicine (COL) with human serum albumin (HSA) and to evaluate the mechanism of simultaneous binding of LMF and COL to protein. Fluorescence analysis was used to estimate the effect of drugs on the protein fluorescence and to define the binding and quenching properties of drugsHSA complexes
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vesicles facilitated by kinesin and the effects of mutations in nerve transmission in Caenorhabditis elegans Introduction A nerve cell is made up of three main structures: the soma‚ the axon and the synapse. When a nerve cell receives a signal‚ a protein called kinesin travels anterograde along the axon and guides the synaptic vesicles until it reaches the synapse. This triggers the release of the neurotransmitters stored within the vesicles. Once released‚ the neurotransmitters then bind to receptors
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Introduction: Proteins are polymers that are made up of smaller units/monomers called amino acids. There are 20 different types of amino acids‚ thus make up many different combinations in types‚ numbers of amino acids as well as their orders – an explanantion for why there are so many proteins. Every protein‚ due to various reactions of amino acids to each other‚ have its own three dimensional structures and therefore‚ function (Reece JB and others 2011). Proteins are fundamental substance
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and hence energy source‚ but there are particular yeasts which can utilize non-conventional carbon sources. With regard to nitrogen metabolism‚ most yeasts are capable of assimilating simple nitrogenous sources to biosynthesize amino acids and proteins (Table 3-1). Aspects of phosphorus and sulphur metabolism as well as aspects of metabolism of other inorganic compounds have been studied in some detail‚ predominantly in the yeast‚ Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Table 3-1: Nutrients for growth of
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Protein Concentration using BCA and Bradford Assays Introduction There are several ways to determine protein concentration for a sample such as The Lowry Method‚ Bradford assay‚ and Bicinchoninic Acid (BCA) just to name a few. Determining the protein concentration in your sample is an important step in any laboratory workflow that involves protein extraction and/or analysis (1). Based on the assay being used‚ different chemicals can alter the accuracy for the results. For example‚ in BCA‚ the reducing
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encodes at least 70 genes that are classified into immediate early (IE)‚ early (E) and late (L) genes. IE and E code for nonstructural proteins that regulate viral transcription and replication. L genes code for structural proteins such as nucleocapsids‚ and several glycoproteins allowing VZV to spread without its viral envelope (Hambleton‚ 2005). These proteins code for VZV entry into host cells‚ bondage to a cellular receptor‚ and transport of the virus to the cell surface allowing it to fuse
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407. 2 4. Ball P J‚ Antimicrob Agents Chemother.‚ 2000‚ 45‚ 557. Scheme Design‚ Synthesis and Docking Studies of a Novel Ciprofloxacin 987 5. Kawahara S and Nippon R‚ Chemother.‚ 1998‚ 56 (12)‚ 3096-3099. 6. Lengauer T and Rarey M‚ Curr Opin Struct Biol.‚ 1996‚ 6(3)‚ 402-406. 7. Nagalakshmi G D‚ Univ J Pharm Sci.‚ 2006‚ 6(2)‚ 69-75. 8. Wu J‚ Liu X‚ Cheng X‚ Cao Y‚ Wang D and Li Z‚ Molecules‚ 2007‚ 12‚ 2003-2016. 9. Jubie S‚ Prabitha P‚ Rajesh Kumar R‚ Kalirajan R‚ Gayathri R‚ Sankar S and Elango K
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Jennifer Lopez November 19‚ 2007 Professor Bryska Extra Credit BIOL 1274- Gout is a common disease which is caused by the build up of uric acid in the joints‚ tissue deposition of uric acid crystals‚ and joint destruction if left untreated. Uric acid is a byproduct of purine metabolism. Lacking uricase‚ humans remove uric acid primarily by renal excretion. "Normally‚ uric acid dissolves in your blood and passes through your kidneys into your urine. But sometimes your body either produces
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