the interchange of chemical and electrical energy OIL RIG – oxidation is loss‚ reduction is gain (of electrons) Oxidation – the loss of electrons‚ increase in charge Reduction – the gain of electrons‚ reduction of charge Oxidation number – the assigned charge on an atom Oxidizing agent (OA) – the species that is reduced and thus causes oxidation Reducing agent (RA) – the species that is oxidized and thus causes reduction ELECTROCHEMISTRY INVOLVES TWO MAIN TYPES OF PROCESSES: A. Galvanic (voltaic) cells
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Economic Output – Ameer Zaharuddin 1. Discuss and explain what effect a reduction in the marginal propensity to consume has on the size of the multiplier. Answer: * C = c1 + c0 YD Marginal propensity to consume‚ MPC= c1 * Where C = Consumption‚ c0 = intercept‚ YD = disposable income When a reduction in marginal propensity to consume‚ consumer disposable income is low‚ consumer does not has additional dollar or ringgit to dispose‚ a degree of decrease in disposable income is likely
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either be in form of price controls1 or in form of environmental certificates‚ also known as transferable emission permits. Given this paper’s focus on the CDM‚ a flexible market mechanism allowing for the trade of emission permits and emission reduction credits‚ environmental certificates will be dealt with in
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improvement. Kaizen events can be defined as making improvements through a process that emphasize small incremental amounts rather than large or radical improvement. Therefore in order to achieve this kaizen costing not include only continuous cost reduction but also continuous improvement of performance by increase the efficiency throughout the process. 2.2 Why we need Kaizen costing? Market prices of a product tend to decrease over the product life cycles‚ due to this reason in order to maintain
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Goods Gross Margin Return on Investment GMROI = Gross Margin $ ÷ Average Inventory Cost Initial Markup Initial Markup % = (Expenses + Reductions + Profit) ÷ (Net Sales + Reductions) Inventory Turnover (Stock Turn) Turnover = Net Sales ÷ Average Retail Stock Maintained Markup MM $ = (Original Retail - Reductions) - Cost of Goods Sold MM % = Maintained Markup $ ÷ Net Sales Amount Margin % Margin % = (Retail Price - Cost) ÷ Retail Price Markup
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commercial processes in the direction of low Greenhouse Gases(GHGs). These mitigation projects generate credits‚ which can be traded in the international markets for monetary benefits. Under Kyoto Protocol‚ companies can earn Carbon Reduction Certificates [CER] through reduction in their Green House Gas Emissions by shifting to
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Redox reactions (Redox terminology‚ galvanic cells‚ standard electrode potentials‚ strength of oxidizing/reducing agents‚ corrosion and protection against it) Oxidation is defined as the loss of electrons and reduction is defined as the gain of electrons. Oxidizing agents‚ such as oxygen are defined as substances which accept electrons; reducing agents are substances which donate electrons. Redox reactions are: a) The reactions of metals with non-metals 2Na+Cl2→2Na+Cl- b) The reactions
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natural or original alignment is displaced. Therefore to repair the break‚ the fragmented bone must be aligned to ‘reduce’ the fracture; hence the term reduction. However‚ the type of fracture determines the type of reduction procedure needed. There are two forms of reduction available to patient. The two kinds of reduction are; • Closed reduction of a fracture is the treatment where the bone fragment is aligned through manual manipulation. This treatment uses splints or cast to aid in the immobilization
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Assignment 20 A 1- Which of the following oxidation numbers in the species given is incorrect? a) SO32−; S +4‚ O −2 b) ClO3−; Cl +5‚ O −2 c) H2C2O4; H 1+‚ C 3+‚ O 2− d) H2O2; H +1‚ O −1 e) Ca(ClO)2; Ca +2‚ Cl +2‚ O −2 f) Zn(NH3)6Cl2; Zn 2+‚ N 3−‚ H 1+‚ Cl 1− (Cl is +1 in this compound. Ca: 1 × (+2) = +2. O: 2 × (−2) = −4. Charge on the compound = 0; therefore‚ (+2) + (−4) + 2 × Cl = 0. The charge on Cl is 1+.) 2- A voltaic cell is constructed. One electrode compartment consists of a zinc strip placed
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official poverty line has declined very slowly and unevenly in the past four decades‚ and poverty reduction has been much slower than in neighboring countries such as the People’s Republic of China (PRC)‚ Indonesia‚ hailand‚ and Viet Nam. he growth of the economy has been characterized by boom and bust cycles and current episodes of moderate economic expansion have had limited impact on poverty reduction. Other reasons for the relatively moderate poverty decline include the high rate of inequality across
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