process whereby the soaps are prepared by hydrolyzing fats or oils under alkaline conditions. It is also the alkaline hydrolysis of esters using alkaline solutions. Fats/ Vegetable oils + concentrated alkalis – soap + glycerol (Fats- tallow from cow) ( Vegetable oils – palm oil or olive oil) For example‚ - Glyceryl tristearates ❑ is a naturally occuring esters ❑ found in fats or oils. Example of soap‚ 1) sodium palmitate‚ C H COONa
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Title: Competing Nucleophiles (Exp 24‚ pp 211-221‚ pp 808-823‚ pp 836-842) Purpose: The purpose of this experiment is to determine the nucleophilic strength of chloride and bromide ions as it reacts with 1-butanol (n-butyl) and 2-methyl-2-propanol (t-butyl alcohol) under SN1 and SN2 conditions. Method: 40 g of ice and approximately 30 ml of sulfuric acid is cautiously added to a 100 mL beaker respectively. Weigh 7.6 g of ammonium chloride and 14.0 g of ammonium bromide and place it in
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Support Material Exemplar Starter Pages GCE Chemistry B (Salters) OCR Advanced GCE in Chemistry B (Salters): H435 Unit: F336 Chemistry Individual Investigation This Support Material booklet is designed to accompany the OCR Advanced GCE specification in Chemistry B (Salters) for teaching from September 2008. Contents Contents 2 Support Materials 3 Choice of investigation topic 4 Health and Safety 33 Other forms of support 35 Support Materials These support materials should
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LEARNING LOG 2: Observe‚ Connect and Reflect on Your Learning PART III – Symmetry in Crystals The most striking examples of symmetry…are crystals. Herman Weyl Period Focus Image Question Your Observations Complete at the end of Week 5 Image 5 Uvarovite is a gemstone rich in chromium. What are your main observations about uvarovite symmetry from studying the external form? (30 - 40 words) (2 marks) What is your personal favourite gemstone and what is its space group. (up to
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long-chain fatty acid molecules joined by a glycerine molecule. The biodiesel process uses a catalyst (lye) to break off the glycerine molecule and combine each of the three fatty-acid chains with a molecule of methanol‚ creating mono-alkyl esters‚ or Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) -- biodiesel. The glycerine sinks to the bottom and is removed. The process is called transesterification. See How the process works Chemicals needed Some basic information on the chemicals you’ll be using. The quantities
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What is it? Docetaxel is a FDA approved chemotherapy drug. It can treat breast‚ lung‚ prostate‚ stomach‚ and head and neck cancer. Its trade name is Taxotere. It needs to be prescribed by a doctor.. Docetaxel is used in treating cancer; it attacks the cancer cells. It does so by stopping the cancer cell from growing into two new cells. It basically stops the growth of cancer. It belongs to a class of chemotherapy drugs referred to as plant alkaloids. The alkaloid is one of the taxane type drugs
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Title: Prep of t-Butyl Chloride via SN1 Reaction Purpose: The purpose of this experiment is to synthesize tert-butyl chloride via an SN1 reaction. t-Butyl Chloride was synthesized from t-Butyl Alcohol using hydrochloric acid in separatory funnel; isolation of t-Butyl Chloride was done under distillation conditions. The experiment resulted in 8.29grams of purified compound‚ which is a 66.27 percent yield. Procedure: As per handout with changes Equation: Mechanism: Results: (Scan
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Chemistry Abstract This experiment was performed to determine the rate constant k‚ for hydrolysis of tertiary butyl chloride to tertiary butanol. The solvent system for this reaction is 45% isopropyl alcohol and 55% water. The rate of hydrolysis of t-butyl chloride is measured by the decrease in the concentration of this reagent with time. The rate of decomposition of t-butyl chloride must be equal to the rate of formation of hydrochloric acid. The rate of hydrochloric acid formation was
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Kinetic energy is increasing between letters A-B‚ C-D and E-F. Based off the observations‚ in phase A-B Tert-Butyl Alcohol stays a solid‚ in phase C-D Tert-Butyl Alcohol stays a liquid‚ and in phase E-F the chemical stays a gas. This is observed at the particle level because temperature is a measure of Ek; the temperature is increasing which increases kinetic energy. Since Ek is the energy of motion‚ the particles would increase their velocity and the number and force of collisions. However‚ the
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PVC Handbook Charles E. Wilkes‚ Charles A. Daniels‚ James W. Summers ISBN 3-446-22714-8 Vorwort Weitere Informationen oder Bestellungen unter http://www.hanser.de/3-446-22714-8 sowie im Buchhandel Preface In this single handbook the editors aim to give a diverse audience of readers a complete account of all aspects of PVC – from monomer manufacture to polymerization; the gamut of such additives as stabilizers‚ lubricants‚ plasticizers‚ impact modifiers‚ fillers and reinforcing agents;
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