Common H2C=CH2 ethene ethylene H2C=CH─CH3 propene propylene cyclohexene 7 Ethene (ethylene) Ethene or ethylene Is an alkene C2H4. Has two carbon atoms connected by a double bond. Has two H atoms bonded to each C atom. Is flat with all the C and H atoms in the same plane. Is used to accelerate the ripening of fruits. 8 Naming Alkynes The names of alkynes Use the corresponding alkane name. Change the ending to yne. Alkyne IUPAC Common HC≡CH ethyne acetylene HC≡C─CH3 propyne
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2-dimethylpentane 6 16. a)3-ethyl-3-methylhexane CH3 | CH3-CH2-CH-CH2-CH2-CH3 | CH2CH3 b) 1-ethyl-3-propylcyclohexane c) 2‚4-dimethylheptane CH3-CH-CH2-CH-CH2-CH2-CH3 | | CH3 CH3 6 17. The general formula for a saturated hydrocarbon is CnH2n+2
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2-Butyne 1-Pentyne Melting Point Formula (°C) -81 HC CH CH3 C CH -102 CH 3 CH2 C CH -126 -32 CH3 C CCH3 CH 3 ( CH2 ) 2 C CH -90 1-Hexyne CH 3 ( CH2 ) 3 C CH 1-Octyne 1-Decyne Name Ethyne Propyne 1-Butyne Boiling Point (°C) -84 -23 8 Density at 20°C (g/mL) (a gas) (a gas) (a gas) 27 40 0.691 0.690 -132 71 0.716 CH 3 ( CH2 ) 5 C CH -79 125 0.746 CH 3 ( CH2 ) 7 C CH -36 174 0.766 Acidity A major difference
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extent than carbon ? Homologous Series A series of compounds of similar structure in which each member differs from the next by a common repeating unit‚ CH2 . The members of the series are called homologues. • • • • • • Functional Groups All share the same general formula. Formula of a homologue differs from its neighbour by CH2. (e.g. CH4‚ C2H6‚ . . . etc ) Contain the same functional group(s). Have similar chemical properties. Show a gradual change in physical properties as molar
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molecules: O C NH2 H N O C OH H C CH2 (a) (b) O (c) Solutions: a. b. c. d. Amide‚ double bond Amine‚ carboxylic acid Double bond‚ ketone‚ ester O OCH3 (d) CH2OH Aromatic ring‚ double bond‚ alcohol (a) Alcohol (d) Amine (b) Aromatic ring (e) both ketone and amine (c) Carboxylic acid (f) two double bonds 3.2 Propose structures for simple molecules that contain the following functional groups: Solutions: (a). H 3C CH3 OH (b). O (c). H3C (d). H 3C (e). (f)
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Spectra Analysis Organic Chemistry Lab‚ CHEM 369 The University of Tennessee‚ Knoxville Dr. Smith Spectra 1: tert-butyl cyanoacetate Molecular formula: 141/13 = 10 R 11 => C10H10+11 => C10H21 C10H21NO2 – C3H10 = C7H11NO2 DBE: 2(#C - #H/2 - #X/2 + #N + 2)/2 =2(7 – 11/2 – 0/2 + 1 + 2)/2 = 3=> 1 double bond and 1 triple bond Mass spectrum table: m/z fragment |40
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350oC CH3-CH=CH2 + H2O CH3-CH2-CH2-OH CH3-CH=CH2 + H2O CH3-CH=CH2 + H2O u u Mechanism: In the first step OH group of the alcohol is protonated in a fast reversible reaction. Unlike OH group‚ protonated OH group is a good leaving group. Step 1: CH3 CH3-C-CH3 + H+ HO CH3 CH3-C-CH3 H2O+ Fast u u In the second step‚ water molecule is lost with the formation of a carbonium ion. This is the rate determining step. CH3 CH3 u Step 2: Slow CH3-C-CH3 CH3-C-CH3 + H2O + H2O+
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are found to have multifarious applications in our modern society. They usually consist of several structural units bound together by covalent bonds [1‚2]. For example‚ polyethylene is a long-chain polymer and is represented by ÀCH2 CH2 CH2 À or ½ÀCH2 CH2 Àn ð1:1:1Þ where the structural (or repeat) unit is ÀCH2ÀCH2À and n represents the chain length of the polymer. Polymers are obtained through the chemical reaction of small molecular compounds called monomers. For example‚ polyethylene
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non polar solvent. (3) Boiling point:- Low boiling point due to non polar in nature. Dry 3 2 3 2 2 3 ether 2CH CH Br 2Na CH CH CH CH 2NaBr RX+Zn+Rx R–R+ZnX2 RMgX+HOH RH+Mg(OH)X RMgX+R’OH RH+Mg(OR’)X RMgX+R’NH2 RH+Mg(NHR’)X Ni / R C CH H2 R CH2
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HYDROCARBONS 365 UNIT 13 HYDROCARBONS Hydrocarbons are the important sources of energy. After studying this unit‚ you will be able to • • name hydrocarbons according to IUPAC system of nomenclature; recognise and write structures of isomers of alkanes‚ alkenes‚ alkynes and aromatic hydrocarbons; learn about various methods of preparation of hydrocarbons; distinguish between alkanes‚ alkenes‚ alkynes and aromatic hydrocarbons on the basis of physical and chemical properties; draw and
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