DNA Structure Complementary bases pairing keeps DNA information conserved‚ reduces mutation Hydrogen bonds hold strands together and allow DNA to be unzipped and rezipped Nucleotides are connected by covalent bonds between sugars and phosphate to create sugar phospate backbone DNA-Twisted Ladder Structure DNA- Anti-Parallel Strands P o i n t e d d o w n Notice how the strands are running in opposite directions! (Sugars are upside-down on the
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Using DNA in Science and Technology DNA is the blueprint for life‚ it is found in the nucleus of cells on the chromosomes. It is found in many cell organelles‚ such as plasmids in bacteria‚ chloroplasts in plants‚ and mitochondria in both plants and animals. DNA helps us to perform many actions in solving crimes‚ and also helps us to do scientific studies that were not possible until recently. DNA has a double helix structure‚ its sugar phosphate backbone‚ made up of deoxyribose and a phosphate
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UNSW THE UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES AUSTRALIAN SCHOOL OF BUSINESS SCHOOL OF TAXATION AND BUSINESS LAW LEGT 5551 - TAXATION LAW SAMPLE CLASS TEST QUESTIONS Summer‚ 2011 Note: You must bring this document to the Week 7 lecture This document is protected by copyright law. This document was prepared by Dale Boccabella‚ with contributions from Tom O’Sullivan‚ in the School of Taxation and Business Law‚ for the private use of students undertaking
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by two strands‚ related together to form a double helix. The double helix looks like a twisted ladder. The sides of this ladder are long unites called nucleotides and are made of three parts; a nitrogenous base‚ a sugar‚ and a phosphate group. The sides of the ladder or the nucleotides from the two separate strands of the DNA are attached by an appendage made of one of four separate bases. These appendages represent the rungs of the DNA ladder and are attached to the complimentary strand of the DNA
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The upper most strand is the (coding strand) DNA base sequence (triplet) of the gene codes for synthesis of a particular polypeptide chain. The second strand is the mRNA base sequence (template strand used for copying) codon of the transcribed mRNA. The process for going from the upper stand to the second strand is called Transcription and involves an enzyme called polymerase. The polymerase attaches to the promoter region (start codon) and reads the nucleotide base sequence until it gets to a termination
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A DNA strand contains a complete representation of everything about our physiology. It also contains instructions on how to form our body by repeated divisions of a single cell. Each cell needs to know when it should‚ split into two‚ split into different kinds of cell for tissue differentiation. Cells also need to know when to stop growing because the body or organ is mature‚ and when it needs to replace tissue lost by injury. All of that is encoded into one molecule. So in other words the benefit
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each contained one of the original strands and one entirely new strand. d. Topoisomerases catalyze and guide the unknotting of DNA e. Single Strand Binding Proteins attach to the halves and keep the DNA molecules separated (they are needed because the sides are attracted to each other and with out the Single Strand Binding Proteins they would move back together) f. The Replication Fork is formed with the Leading and Lagging strands. g. In the leading strand‚ RNA Primase moves along nucleotides
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restriction enzymes today that engineers are able to: * isolate DNA * sequence DNA * manipulate individual genes The site at which the DNA is cut may result in overhanging ‘sticky ends’ or overhanging ‘blunt ends’. Sticky ends only join to complimentary base sequence A restriction enzyme cuts a double stranded molecule at its specific recognition site You need to use the same enzyme to have the correct base pairs It is possible to use restriction enzymes that cut leaving no overhang – a so-called
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macromolecule‚ i.e. a large molecule with a special shape‚ which is built up from many smaller parts called sub-units . If you could magnify part of a nucleus‚ you would see the DNA molecule looking like a twisted rope ladder - a double helix. The two strands forming the sides of the ladder give it a strong yet flexible structure‚ which does not vary along its length. Stretched between these are the "rungs" of the ladder‚ the parts of the DNA molecule which vary‚ and so the differences carry genetic
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There are 3 grade averages: TGA‚ CGA and GGA. TGA (Term Grade Average) is the combined grade average covering all courses taken in the term and the session immediately following. CGA (Cumulative Grade Average) is computed based on all the courses taken by the student which are expected at the time of calculation to be applied towards the degree requirements in the current program. TGA & CGA = Sum of (Course Credits x Course grade points) Sum of Course Credits GGA (Graduation Grade Average) is calculated
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