1.Compute the weakest precondition for each of the following assignment statements and postconditions: (p. 165 Problem set 19‚ 20) (a)a = 2 * (b - 1) – 1 {a > 0} (b)a = a + 2 * b – 1 { a > 1} (c)a = 2 * b + 1; b = a – 3 {b < 0} (d)a = 3 * ( 2 * b + a); b = 2 * a – 1 {b > 5} (a) 2* (b-1) - 1 > 0 2* (b - 1) > 1 2b - 2 > 1 2b > 3 {b > 1.5} (b)a+2*b-1 > 1 a+2*b>2 {a > 2-2*b} (c)a-3 < 0 a3 2*b+a>1 {2*b>1-a} 2.Write a denotational semantics
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COMPUTER Fundamentals Program- set (finite) of instructions properly sequenced that can be executed by the computer will lead to the desired output Programmer- one who creates computer programs Code- manner of writing the program Encode- manner of typing/ inputting the code Debug- to remove errors Run- to execute Save- to store data/ information Reserved Words words that are formulated/provided by the system/software have special function/meaning Identifiers also known as variables
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a class has public modifier‚ the file name must be the same as that class * If a class has main method‚ that class should be public Therefore there must not be more than one public class in one file. Identifiers – special symbols to name programming entities such as variables‚ constants‚ methods‚ classes‚ and packages. An identifier is a sequence of characters that begins with a letter‚ _‚ or $‚ then following with letters‚ digits‚ _‚ $. It must not be a reserved word‚ must not be true‚ false
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product costs are the direct materials‚ and manufacturing overhead that are involved in acquiring or making products. Products costs are assigned to an inventory account on the balance sheet and considered to be assets. When the goods are sold‚ the costs are released from inventory and are recognized as expenses in the income statement. Period costs are all the costs that are not included in product cost‚ such as advertising‚ executive salaries‚ and other nonmanufacturing costs. These costs are expenses
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Computer Programming 2 Programming Paradigm Procedural Programming style of programming in which the programming task is broken down into a series of operations (called procedures) applied to data (or data structures) C and Pascal Object-Oriented Programming extension of procedural programming breaks down a programming task into a series of interactions among different entities or objects Java‚ C++‚ and Smalltalk Introduction to OOP * Property of STI
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CHAPTER 6 COST BEHAVIOR TYPES OF COST BEHAVIOR PATTERNS 1. Variable Cost 2. Fixed Cost 3. Mixed / Semi-variable Cost Cost Structure – the relative proportion of fixed‚ variable‚ and mixed costs found within an organization or firm. 1. Variable Cost - its total dollar amount varies in direct proportion to changes in the activity level. Example: Number of Trucks Radiator Cost per Total Radiator
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COST ANALYSIS OBJECTIVES INTRODUCTION MEANING DEFINITIONS TYPES OF COSTS MONETARY COSTS REAL COSTS OPPORTUNITY COSTS ECONOMIC COSTS ACCOUNTING COSTS INCREMENTAL COSTS SUNK COSTS FUTURE COSTS PRIVATE‚ EXTERNAL AND SOCIAL COSTS FIXED / SUPPLEMENTARY / OVERHEAD COSTS VARIABLE / PRIME COSTS REPLACEMENT COSTS PRODUCTION COSTS SELLING COSTS CONTROLLABLE COSTS DIRECT COSTS INDIRECT COSTS SHORT RUN COSTS CURVES LONG RUN COSTS CURVES OBJECTIVES To understand the meaning of cost. To discuss different types
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CheckPoint: Benefits of Programming Knowledge IT/215 March 8‚ 2012 CheckPoint: Benefits of Programming Knowledge Knowledge in programming is not just beneficial for developers. There are many circumstances where knowledge in programming fundamentals is essential to the job being performed. An IT professional would have a wider range of knowledge in the IT field can be a benefit for a non-programmer. The skills and concepts learned in Java programming also gives IT professionals the concept of
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Many would think that computer programming is a recent invention but the idea behind writing instructions for a machine to follow then has been around for over a century. Starting from Charles Babbage’s steam driven machine named the Analytical Engine back in 1834. Unlike the simple calculating machines of that time that could perform only a single function‚ Charles Babbage’s Analytical Engine could perform a variety of tasks. This idea caught the attention of Ada Lovelace‚ a mathematician and daughter
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Opportunity Cost Lets start with a small introduction to the topic Opportunity Cost. Opportunity cost is the cost of any activity measured in terms of the value of the next best alternative forgone (that is not chosen). It is the sacrifice related to the second best choice available to someone‚ or group‚ who has picked among several mutually exclusive choices. The opportunity cost is also the "cost" (as a lost benefit) of the forgone products after making a choice. Opportunity cost is a
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