Page Compiled and edited by : Jong Kah Yin 1 SPM CHEMISTRY INDEX CONTENT 1 REVISION CHECK-LIST Form 4 Form 5 2 WRITING EQUATIONS 2.1 Charges of ions 2.2 Formulae of compounds 2.3 Reactions of Acid 2.4 Displacement of Metals 2.5 Double decomposition reaction 2.6 Others 3 CALCULATIONS 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 4 Relative Masses Mole and Number of particles Mole and Mass & Volume of Gases Empirical and Molecular Formulae Calculations involving Acids and Alkali Thermochemistry 23 24 24 – 25 26
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1. Identify the natural sources of sulphur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen. SO2‚ natural: - Geothermal hot springs and volcanic activity are natural sources of SO2. - In the process of decaying of organic matter some bacteria will produces hydrogen sulphide as a waste product which will oxidise‚ forming so2. - Phytoplankton release dimethyl sulphide (DMS) into the atmosphere‚ when this is oxidised it forms sulphuric acid. NOx‚ natural: - Lightning activity generates high temperatures to allow
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the coral reefs either. “This is damaging many ocean species that use calcium carbonate to form their skeletons and shells. Studies have shown that calcium carbonate formation is disrupted if water becomes too acidic”(Fujita‚ pg 2‚ par 8). So not only coral reefs being effected in skeletal growth‚ but all organisms that have an outer shell or exoskeleton have trouble developing a strong shell as the acid restricts the calcium production. Another effect that climate change brings about is rising sea
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BRICJ A Brick is a block‚ or a single unit of a ceramic material used in masonry construction. Typically bricks are stacked together‚ or laid as brickwork using various kinds ofmortar to hold the bricks together and make a permanent structure. Bricks are typically produced in common or standard sizes in bulk quantities. They have been regarded as one of the longest lasting and strongest building materials used throughout history. In the general sense‚ a "brick" is a standard-sized weight-bearing
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What are eggshells made of? The main ingredient in eggshells is calcium carbonate (the same brittle white stuff that chalk‚ limestone‚ cave stalactites‚ sea shells‚ coral‚ and pearls are made of). The shell itself is about 95% CaCO3 (which is also the main ingredient in sea shells). The remaining 5% includes calcium phosphate and magnesium carbonate and soluble and insoluble proteins. Author: Fred Senese senese@antoine.frostburg.edu A paint thinner is a solvent used to thin oil-based paints or
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membrane and the membrane limits the diffusion of solutes in the water (pg. 80).1 When we submerged the egg in vinegar‚ the shell dissolved because vinegar contains acetic acid‚ which breaks apart the solid calcium carbonate crystals that make up the eggshell into their calcium and carbonate parts. The
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Introduction: The goal of this experiment was to measure the amount of gas produced in various reactions. The Ideal Gas Law was needed in order to calculate the mass of reactants and moles of gas produced: ‚ where is the pressure in atm‚ is the volume in Liters‚ is the number of moles‚ is the ideal gas constant [0.082 (Latm)/(Kmol)]‚ and is the temperature in Kelvins. Considering the units on R‚ it was important to convert pressure‚ volume‚ and temperature to atm‚ L‚ and K‚ respectively. In
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OSTEOPOROSIS Stroehlein OBJECTIVES Osteoporosis • Porous bones • Systemic skeletal disease-loss of bone mass (low bone density) • Increased bone fragility-risk for fracture • 44 million Americans‚ more than one tenth of the population • One of the most common disorders associated with aging ‚although NOT a consequence of normal aging Risk Factors and the Effects on Bone Typical Loss of Height Associated with Osteoporosis and Aging Manifestations • Loss of height • Pain does not occur unless
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Investigation into How the Concentration of a Reactant Can Affect the Rate of Reaction Aim To plan an investigation that allows me to measure the effect of increasing the concentration of a reactant on the rate of reaction. With the results generated‚ it is also hoped to draw accurate conclusions and explain the results using scientific knowledge. Introduction Some reactions are fast‚ for example neutralisation or burning magnesium in air to produce magnesium oxide. However‚ other reactions
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acidic conditions. Seagrasses - form shallow water ecosystems along coasts that serve as nurseries for many larger fish‚ and can be home to many smaller organisms. Different species grow better in these acidic conditions. Coralline Algae - build calcium carbonate skeletons and help cement coral reefs. Coralline algae took 92 percent less area which smothers and damages coral reefs. Fish are also able to feel the effects of the acidic water. Fish have the ability to take in carbonic acid and put their
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