Cardiovascular system: The circulatory system: The circulatory system is made up of the vessels and the muscles that help and control the flow of the blood around the body. This process is called circulation. The main parts of the system are the heart‚ arteries‚ capillaries and veins. As blood begins to circulate‚ it leaves the heart from the left ventricle and goes into the aorta. The aorta is the largest artery in the body. The blood leaving the aorta is full of oxygen. This is important for
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also plays an important role during exercise. The sympathetic pathway comes out of the lower cervical and upper thoracic segments of the spinal cord. The sympathetic nervous system has postganglionic fibers that pass through cardiac plexuses and continue through cardiac nerves till they finally reach the heart (Saladin‚ pg 728). These postganglionic fibers release a neurotransmitter known as norepinephrine. Norepinephrine binds to Beta-adrenergic fibers of the heart. This binding activates Cyclic
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than ordinary daily activities ➢ Grade IV – limitations of all activities (Dyspnea at rest) - Paroxysmal nocturnal Dyspnea (PND): CARDIAC ASTHMA Main factors contributing – pulmonary venous congestion - Orthopnea Indicate presence of severe left heart failures [pulmonary edema] - Wheeze [seen in left sided cardiac failure due to bronchial mucosal congestion] Chest pain ➢ Site ➢ Type - Squeezing - Burning - Heaviness
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rhythmic contractions in the left ventricle (Iaizzo‚ 2009). The pressure within the arteries reaches its highest level (systolic pressure) during systole and reaches the lowest level (diastolic pressure) during ventricular diastole. Blood pressure is decreased to about 30 to 40 mmHg at the entrance of the capillaries and then reduces to 10 mmHg at the venous end of the
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of shock can cause many organs to stop working. Losing about 1/5 or more of the normal amount of blood in your body causes hypovolemic shock. The signs and symptoms of hypovolemia include: • Cold skin • Agitation and anxiety • Decrease in the output of urine • Confusion • Feeling of weakness in general • Paleness in skin • Rapidness in breathing • Moist skin and increased sweating • Falling unconscious Hypovolemic shock can result in orthostatic hypotension‚ which means there can be lowered
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current manifestations to the pathophysiology of shock to determine what type of shock the client could be experiencing. Shock is a syndrome characterized by decreased tissue perfusion and impaired cellular metabolism. The patient Richard Tanner has been admitted to the CCU for r/o myocardial infarction. The patient has not prior history of cardiac problems though he has been treated for the last 5 years for cholesterol totaling 285 (HDL 35‚ LDL 212). Patient does not his prescription medication of Mevacor
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repolarization_____ Cardiovascular System: Cardiac Action Potential 1. How do the waves of depolarization‚ generated by the autorhythmic cells spread to the muscle cells? _____via gap junctions______ 2. Depolarizing current from the autorhythmic cells causes the ventricular muscle cells to ___contract___. 3. If the sodium channel or the fast calcium channels are open‚ the inside of the cell would be relatively more ___positive___. 4. The pacemaker potential is due to a/an (decreased or increased) efflux of _decreased___
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1. A client admitted to the hospital with chest pain and a history of type 2 diabetes mellitus is scheduled for cardiac catheterization. Which medication would need to be withheld for 24 hours before the procedure and for 48 hours after the procedure? 1. Regular insulin 2. Glipizide (Glucotrol) 3. Repaglinide (Prandin) 4. Metformin (Glucophage) 4. Metformin (Glucophage) 2. The nurse is reviewing an electrocardiogram rhythm strip. The P waves and QRS complexes are regular. The PR interval is 0.16
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of smoking ½ pack of cigarette per day. Diagnosed with Heart Murmur at age 12. Diagnosed with High Blood Pressure in 2013. Mayocardial Infarction on 4/13/2014‚ Patient was admitted at St. Rose Hospital and received Cardiac stent placement on 4/14/2014. Patient is on multiple cardiac medication and following up with cardiologist every 3 months for stress test. A ASSESSMENT VITAL SIGNS: BP:163/82 PULSE: 76 TEMP:98.2 RESPIRATION:16 PATIENT IS NOT ON OXYGEN WEIGHT: 223‚ HEIGHT: 5’9 MARITAL STATUS:
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T III The Heart 9. Heart Muscle; The Heart as a Pump and Function of the Heart Valves 10. Rhythmical Excitation of the Heart 11. The Normal Electrocardiogram 12. Electrocardiographic Interpretation of Cardiac Muscle and Coronary Blood Flow Abnormalities: Vectorial Analysis 13. Cardiac Arrhythmias and Their Electrocardiographic Interpretation C H A P T E R 9 Heart Muscle; The Heart as a Pump and Function of the Heart Valves With this chapter we begin discussion
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