Discuss the extent to which psychology is a science (25 Marks) Science is a discipline in which we objectively obtain data and organise them into theories. All sciences follow a process when investigating anything scientific. First of all‚ inductive reasoning takes place whereby the investigator focuses on the science/concept and the general aspects around it. Secondly‚ a generalisation is made about the concept being investigated and hypotheses are formed. Next‚ deductive reasoning takes place
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Briefly outline the key features of a cognitive-behavioural approach to counselling and discuss some of the ways in which this approach differs from one of the other main approaches to counselling. In part two reflect on and write about which of the two approaches discussed in your essay you prefer and why. This essay will explain key aspects of a cognitive-behavioural approach to counselling. Revealing how this method of counselling differs from the psychodynamic approach‚ and demonstrating my preferred
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DESCRIBE TWO OF THE ORGANISATIONAL METAPHORS STUDIED AND DISCUSS THE ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF EACH. This essay explores the concept of studying organisation styles metaphorically‚ particularly as perceived by Gareth Morgan (1986). The essay begins by describing two of the organisational metaphors‚ specifically the mechanistic organisation and the organisation as a brain being the most diverse of the metaphors used. It then reviews the interpretation of theorists writing on the subject
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The purpose of this essay is to describe and evaluate the theories of Sigmund Freud’s psychodynamic approach as an explanation of human behaviour‚ comprising of the id‚ superego and the ego‚ giving examples of the ego defence mechanisms. It will cover the origins of Freud and will discover the theory of personality. The psychosexual stages of development will also be explored and strengths and weaknesses will be evaluated throughout. This essay will explain Freud’s case study methods and will
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Psychodynamic Theory The psychodynamic theorist such as Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung suggest that psychological‚ emotional‚ and motivational forces occur in an unconscious level. Given the diverse cultural backgrounds that exist it is pivotal that professionals in the field develop an understanding of the ethnocentric limitations of the psychodynamic theory. Understanding the psychodynamic theory and multicultural elements coincide‚ but given the ethnocentric limitations discussed in this paper
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Psychology is a discipline that involves monitoring mental processes and behaviour scientifically. Psychologists try to delve into the basic functions of a person and animals cerebral activity. This usually involves studying relationships‚ emotions‚ personality and many more areas of a person or animals day to day life. Psychology tends to steer towards finding reasons for a person or animals actions in an attempt to resolve them. There are many different sub - fields of psychology‚ however it is
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Discuss two errors in attributions. Attribution‚ defined as assigning a quality or character to a person or an object‚ in the context of Psychology‚ refers to the classification of factors that affect behaviour. Behaviour is attributed to either or both dispositional factors and situational factors. Dispositional factors refer to the internal causes of an individual’s behaviour‚ whilst situational factors deal with the external causes of behaviour which can include the social setting and environment
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of his parent’s eight children. Freud founded psychoanalysis‚ the method of treatment to treat mental and nervous disorders‚ which is not the same as psychodynamic counselling today. Freud studied medicine at the university of Vienna‚ where he was influenced by one of his teachers Ernst Brucke‚ Ernst Brucke believed in the mechanistic approach seeing a person as a machine‚ determined by physical or chemical causes. Freud moved into neurophysiology (the nervous system and how it functions)‚ where
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Task P5 ‘Explain how and why groups of customers are targeted for selected products’ Customers are people who buy products and services from other people (usually companies of one sort or another). What customers think and feel about a company and/or its products is a key aspect of business success. Attitudes are shaped by experience of the product‚ the opinions of friends‚ direct dealings with the company‚ and the advertising and other representations of the company. Irrespective of whether a
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Forgetting is the inability to recall or recognise information that was once stored in the memory and is now not available or cannot be accessed. There are four main theories to forgetting; trace decay‚ cue dependant‚ displacement and interference. Displacement seeks to explain forgetting in the short term memory. According to Shiffrin and Atkinson’s model of memory‚ the short term memory has certain characteristics such as limited capacity so if information is not rehearsed‚ it would be forgotten
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