Through this test the vibrational frequency‚ force constant‚ reduced mass and point group were obtained for each of the molecules created. In addition the energy in Hartee for each molecule was also obtained. The molecules used were Iodine (I2)‚ Carbon Monoxide (CO)‚ Cyanide ion (CN-)‚ Acetonitrile (CH3CN) and Benzene (C6H6). The energy equations used previously allows one to solve the Schrodinger equation for molecular energies. The Hamiltonian operator in the energy equation‚ containing the electron
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INTRODUCTION From natural gas‚ crude oils‚ and other fossil materials such as coal‚ few intermediates are produced that are not hydrocarbon compounds. The important intermediates discussed here are hydrogen‚ sulfur‚ carbon black‚ and synthesis gas. Synthesis gas consists of a nonhydrocarbon mixture (H2‚CO) obtain- able from more than one source. It is included in this chapter and is fur- ther noted in Chapter 5 in relation to methane as a major feedstock for this mixture. This chapter discusses
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CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM I. Introduction In a chemical reaction‚ when reactants are mixed together in a reaction vessel‚ the whole of the reactants do not get converted into products. After some time‚ there will come a point when a fixed amount of reactants will exist in harmony with a fixed amount of products; neither amount will change anymore. This state is called chemical equilibrium (Birk‚ 1994; Jones‚ 1987; LeMay‚ 2002). There are three characteristics of a system in chemical equilibrium: a
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CHEM 309: Integrated General‚ Organic‚ and Biological Chemistry: Spring 2011 Test # 3 You have 60 minutes to complete the exam – manage your time accordingly. An ambiguous or illegible answer is a wrong answer. Please read the directions carefully as most questions have several parts. Please do not begin until asked to do so. __________________ print your name here Pg # 3 (25 pts) Pg # 4 (21 pts) Pg # 5 (30 pts) Pg # 6 (24 pts) 1 2 1. (4) If 15.0 g of CaCl2 are present
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and Europe. Some of the specific types of anthropogenic pollutants are carbon monoxide‚ nitrogen oxide‚ sulfur dioxide‚ volatile organic compounds‚ and particulate matter. Carbon monoxide is very harmful to the environment. It is made by the incomplete combustion of fuels or other carbon-containing substances. Different types of transportation make Ten percent of all carbon monoxide. A large source of carbon monoxide was found in south-central Africa and the Amazon region of South America because
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Chemistry Revision F331 Isotopes - atoms with the same atomic number‚ but different mass numbers 131I - radioactive tracer for thyroid. 99Tc for tumours. Radioisotopes - gamma emitters & short half life - long enough to detect‚ but not long enough for damage. Beta particles emitters are more useful than alpha particle emitters because they penetrate more and so are more easily detected. Also‚ less damaging. The half life is the time taken for half the isotope to decay Mass left = initial
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effects on living matter and other materials. Among the major sources of air pollution are power and heat generation‚ the burning of solid wastes‚ industrial processes‚ and‚ especially‚ transportation. The six major types of air pollutants are carbon monoxide‚ hydrocarbons‚ nitrogen oxides‚ particulates‚ sulfur dioxide‚ and photochemical oxidants. One of the air polution is acid rain. Acid rain is some of the sulfur dioxide gases released as waste products from factories‚ cars‚ and power plants mix
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nickel (II) sulphide‚ NiS. • Stage 1 – nickel (II) sulphide is heated in air to form nickel (II) oxide and sulphur dioxide. • Stage 2 – nickel (II) oxide is heated with carbon to give impure nickel. • Stage 3 – impure nickel is reacted with carbon monoxide to make nickel tetracarbonyl‚ Ni (CO)4. • Stage 4 – nickel tetracarbonyl is decomposed to give pure nickel. (i) Construct the balanced equation for the reaction in stage 1. (ii) Calculate the mass of sulphur dioxide that is formed when 182
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There are a few methods to extract metals from its ores. The main ones are electrolysis (the decomposition of a compound using electricity) and heating with carbon or carbon monoxide (or called the “Blast Furnace”). Some other metals like Silver and Gold occur naturally in the Earth’s crust as “native metals”. The method to extract the metal depends on its place in the Reactivity Series (how reactive the metal is). The more reactive the metal‚ the more difficult it is to extract. Thus electrolysis
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types of chemical reactions: metathesis‚ neutralization‚ and redox. Neutralizations reactions are between an acid and a metal hydroxide and will produce water‚ salt‚ and gas in certain equations. Equations with sulfide and carbonate will produce dihydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide respectively. Redox reactions are the gain or loss of electrons by a substance throughout a chemical reaction. Oxidation is the loss of electrons and reduction is the gain of electrons OIL RIG is a good abbreviation to
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