IntroductionA dehydration reaction of an alcohol results in an alkene. This type of reaction requires an alcohol‚ an acid catalyst and heat. Generally strong concentrated acids‚ like sulfuric acid and phosphoric acid‚ are used as the acid catalyst.The acid catalyst protonates the alcohol‚ to make a much better leaving group. Weakest bases make the best leaving groups‚ so once the alcohol is protonated the leaving group leaves and produces in a carbocation and water. In order to form the double bond
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into five classifications: distillation‚ membrane‚ humidification‚ freezing‚ and chemical . 2 The two main desalination processes used today are the desalination by distillation and the desalination by reverse osmosis. Within each method of desalination there are several other processes involved. Distillation processes are the most commonly used methods of desalination as well as some of the oldest methods.1 In 1869‚ the British Government built the first steam distillation process on land.2 There
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Principles of Mass Transferand Separation Processes Binay K. Dutta Universiti Teknologi Petronas Malaysia New Delhi-110001 2009 PRINCIPLES OF MASS TRANSFER AND SEPARATION PROCESSES Binay K. Dutta © 2007 by PHI Learning Private Limited‚ New Delhi. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form‚ by mimeograph or any other means‚ without permission in writing from the publisher. Cover photo — Courtesy: Haldia Petrochemicals Limited ISBN-978-81-203-2990-4
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Fermentation of Carbohydrates: Ethanol from Sucrose Objective: To demonstrate a fermentation process‚ isolate the ethanol produced by fractional distillation‚ determine the composition of the ethanol solution recovered‚ and make stoichiometric and yield calculations. Procedures: Fermentation Weigh out 20.0 g of sucrose and place it into a 250-mL Erlenmeyer flask. Add 100 mL of water and gently shake until all the sucrose has dissolved. To this solution add 0.60 g of dipotassium hydrogen phosphate
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2014-2015 Distillation of Gin Solis‚ Ferguie B.*‚ Sto. Domingo‚ Hannah Beatrix‚ Sy‚ Kurt A. 2 BS Chemistry‚ College of Science‚ University of Sto. Thomas España‚ Manila‚ Philippines‚ 1008 Abstract Distillation is the separation of a mixture into its component due to the difference in boiling point. In this experiment the group made use of Gin manufactured by Ginebra San Miguel as a test sample for two different techniques of distillation. The techniques used were simple distillation and fractional
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| Distillation is defined as: `Distillation is based on the fact that the vapor of a boiling mixture will be richer in the components that have lower boiling points.Therefore‚ when this vapor is cooled and condensed‚ the condensate will contain more volatile components. At the same time‚ the original mixture will contain more of the less volatile material. Distillation columns are designed to achieve this separation efficiently.Although many people have a fair idea what “distillation” means‚ the
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Isolation of Essential Oils by Steam Distillation Procedure Part A Apparatus 1.) Using a 20- or 25-mL round-bottom flask (for distillation) and a 10-mL round-bottom flask (for collection) assemble a distillation apparatus 2.) Use an aluminum block to heat and insert a water condenser 3.) The collection flask may be immersed in ice to ensure condensation of the distillate Preparing the Spice 1.) Weigh approximately 1.0 g of your spice or herb onto a piece of weighing paper and record the exact
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Doha west power Generation and Water Distillation Station is one of the main base load plants of the country governed by the ministry of electricity and water‚ government of Kuwait. This power station is situated in Doha‚ located approx. 15 km to the west of Kuwait city. This power station is composed of eight power generating units of 300 M.W. capacity each and 16 water distillation units of 6/6.2 million imperial gallons per day capacity each. In all‚ power station is capable of generating 2400
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Distillation Introduction: The recrystallization technique you learned last lab is a method for purifying solids. This week we will learn how to perform a distillation‚ a method for purifying liquids. Distillation is a common wet-chemical technique for separating organic compounds based on differences in boiling points. Upon heating a mixture of organic compounds‚ the more volatile compounds (those with the lowest boiling point) will vaporize first (i.e. be converted to gases)‚ leaving the higher-boiling
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dehydration of cyclohexanol was performed in a simple distillation apparatus. As cyclohexene formed‚ it was distilled out of the mixture. Background Dehydration is an elimination reaction of an alcohol that takes place in the presence of an acid catalyst. In this experiment‚ 85% phosphoric acid was used as the acid catalyst. The alcohol dehydration required an acid catalyst and heat and the reaction was conducted in a simple distillation apparatus. Since‚ cyclohexene has a lower boiling point
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