Organic Chemistry Basic Ideas: Carbon chains: Straight chains and branched chains‚ Numbering of chains and branches. Carbon Rings: Cyclic Molecules‚ Aromatic Compounds Types of Organic reactions: Combustion Addition Substitution Condensation Oxidation What is organic chemistry? Carbon compounds. Methane CH4 Hexane C6 H14 Ethane C2H 6 Heptane C7 H16 Propane C3H 8 Octane C8 H18 Butane C4H10 Nonane C9H20 Pentane C 5 H12 Decane C1 0 H22 Alkanes: Saturated Hydrocarbons
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This molecular orbital model can be used to explain why He2 molecules don’t exist. Combining a pair of helium atoms with 1s2 electron configurations would produce a molecule with a pair of electrons in both the bonding and the * antibonding molecular orbitals. The total energy of an He2 molecule would be essentially the same as the energy of a pair of isolated helium atoms‚ and there would be nothing to hold the helium atoms together to form a molecule. The fact that an He2 molecule is neither
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INTRODUCTION Maleic acid and Fumaric acid are both compounds belonging to the carboxylic acids class. In this experiment‚ we formed the two isomers of 1‚2-ethylenedicarboxylic acid and tested the solubility and melting points of both of these products. Both of these compounds involve a carbon-carbon double bond that is composed of one σ bond and one π bond. The overlap of sp2 hybrid orbitals forms the σ bond‚ and one empty p orbital forms the π bond. This process is illustrated in the figure below:
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hydrogen. When an ionic compound forms‚ the anion transfers an electron to the cation which creates an electrostatic bond and an electrically neutral compound. Also‚ they readily dissolve in aqueous solutions and are good conductors of heat and electricity. Further‚ ionic compounds can be classified as either strong conductors or weak conductors. In contrast‚ molecular compounds are formed from non-metals. Molecular compounds share electrons between atoms forming a covalent bond. In general‚ molecular
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energy that is critical to the functioning of the human body. The phenomenon of Ions An ion is an atom or a group of atoms that have an electrical charge by either gaining or losing electrons in its outer shell‚ also known as valence electrons. Valence electrons are those electrons in the outer ring of electrons orbiting the nucleus of the atom. Ions may exist in solid‚ liquid‚ or gaseous environments‚ although those in liquid are more common and familiar. Ions that are charged with positive
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Chp. 4 Biology Study Guide Page 1 8/30/2011 BIOLOGY STUDY GUIDE CHAPTER 4– THE CHEMICAL BASIS OF LIFE Matter = anything that takes up space and has mass (major types of matter = solid‚ liquid‚ and gas) Any type of matter is made of one or more elements. o Element = a substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by regular chemical processes. (examples: gold‚ silver‚ mercury‚ etc.) There are approximately 25 elements necessary for life. • Examples: oxygen‚ carbon‚ hydrogen‚
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However in covalent bonds the nuclei are positive and the electrons which are being shared are negative. The intermolecular forces in hydrogen chloride are Dipole-Dipole forces: The slightly negative end of another hydrogen chloride particle will become attracted to the other end of the particle which has a slight positive charge. Therefore the two dipoles will become drawn together because the electrons are not shared between the two particles of hydrogen chloride. Dipole-Dipole
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WITH MATTER 1 SCATTERING of E.M. RADIATION Type of scattering depends on the e.m. energy‚ ~! wrt the electron energy: Ionization energy EI Rest-mass energy me c2 2 CLASSICAL MODEL E.M. wave interacting with an oscillating electron Frequency of oscillation is given by Coulomb energy: !02 = kC /me e.m. field adds a driving force at e.m. frequency !‚ F = Radiated power is related to the electron acceleration‚ a 2 ✓ ◆2 !4 2 cE (!02 ! 2 )2 0 cE02 = P/I0 ‚ I0 = The cross-section is then 8⇡ ✓ 2 ◆2
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may continue on the next column or page – find all choices before answering. 001 10.0 points A proton is briefly accelerated in the −y direction‚ as shown in the figure below. A × B × C × k= a + D × 1 003 10.0 points An electric field acts on an electron‚ resulting in an acceleration of 1.6 × 1017 m/s2 for a short time. What is the magnitude of the radiative electric field observed at a location a distance of 5 cm away along a perpendicular to the direction of the acceleration? Use the following constants:
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Hypothesis 1. Given any element and a periodic chart be able to determine the number of protons‚ neutrons and electrons‚ the atomic number and atomic weight‚ the number of valence electrons and the valence (missing number in valence shell) 2. Definitions of a. element b. compound c. trace elements d. isotope e. ion f. isomer (don’t get d‚ e and f mixed up) g. proton h. neutron i. electron 3. Understand how covalent bonds form and the difference between polar covalent and non-polar covalent
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