mental processes play instead of focusing on the mental processes themselves. These two schools were later followed by other schools of thought such as psychoanalysis‚ founded by Freud‚ relates to the unconscious mind as a determinant of behavior; behaviorism‚ known as an extreme form of functionalism‚ focused on observable behavior; humanism‚ which explains the concept of self-actualization and on the individual itself; while cognitivism focused on the study of mental processes such as how people think
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with cognitive approaches to psychological problems at the end of the 1800s and early 1900s in the works of Wundt‚ Cattell‚ and William James (Boring‚ 1950). Cognitive psychology declined in the first half of the 20th century with the rise of “behaviorism" –- the study of laws relating observable behavior to objective‚ observable stimulus conditions without any recourse to internal mental processes (Watson‚ 1913; Boring‚ 1950; Skinner‚ 1950). It was this last requirement‚ fundamental to cognitive
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The nature versus nurture debate concerns the relative importance of an individual’s innate qualities ("nature‚" i.e. nativism‚ or innatism) versus personal experiences ("nurture‚" i.e. empiricism or behaviorism) in determining or causing individual differences in physical and behavioral traits. The phrase "Nature versus nurture" in its modern sense was coined[1][2][3] by the English Victorian polymath Francis Galton in discussion of the influence of heredity and environment on social advancement
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2011 DISCUSS REASONS FOR THE INCREASED INTEREST IN COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY AND THE DECLINE OF BEHAVIORIST APPROACH ‚IN ADDITION DESCRIBE THE FIELD OF COGNITIVE SCIENCE NOTING THE DISCIPLINE THAT ARE INCLUDED IN THE THIS FIELD. Behaviorism also called learning perspective is defined by Wikipedia ‘ as a philosophy of psychology based on the proposition that all things that organisms do-including acting ‚ thinking‚ and feeling can and should be regarded as behaviors and
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aplenty supporting both sides‚ which we will discuss further. The nature versus nurture debate concerns the relative importance of an individual ’s innate qualities ("nature‚" i.e. nativism‚) versus personal experiences ("nurture‚" i.e. empiricism or behaviorism) in determining or causing individual differences in physical and behavioral traits. (Bee and Boyd‚ 2010‚ p.2and3). At the center of the debate‚ human behaviors‚ ideas‚ and feelings are being determined‚ whether they are learned or inherited
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development. A significant issue in developmental psychology is the relationship between innateness and environmental influence in regard to any particular aspect of development. This is often referred to as "nature versus nurture" or nativism versus empiricism. A nativist account of development would argue that the processes in question are innate‚ that is‚ they are specified by the organism’s genes. An empiricist perspective would argue that those processes are acquired in interaction with the environment
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According to logical behaviorism‚ what is it to be in a mental state? Mental states are behavioral dispositions. 3. What is the verifiability theory of meaning? The doctrine that the meaning of a statement is its method of verification. 4. According to empiricism‚ what is the source of knowledge? The only source of knowledge about the external worlds is sense experience. 5. What is the perfect pretender thought experiment? How does it attempt to undermine logical behaviorism? The perfect pretender
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Freud developed an independent approach to the study of the mind called psychoanalysis‚ which has been widely influential. The 20th century saw a reaction to Edward Titchener’s critique of Wundt’s empiricism. This contributed to the formulation of behaviorism by John B. Watson‚ which was popularized by B. F. Skinner. Behaviorism proposed emphasizing the study of overt behavior‚ because that could be quantified and easily measured. Early behaviorists considered study of the "mind" too vague for productive scientific
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- The backlash against these two theories was caused because they were dehumanizing to the interest in animal research and human behavior (p. 51). 11. Which of the following individuals is generally recognized for initiating the development of behaviorism? a. John B. Watson - Because there is no way to observe the mind Watson changed his focus from the mind to the behavior (p. 43). 15. The Social Readjustment Rating Scale was designed to measure c. change-related stress - When good
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Unit 1: Psychology’s History and Approaches Definitions 1: Empiricism- The view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should‚ therefore‚ rely on observation and experimentation. 2: Structuralism- A method of interpretation and analysis of aspects of human cognition‚ behavior‚ culture‚ and experience that focuses on relationships of contrast between elements in a conceptual system that reflect patterns underlying a superficial diversity. 3: Functionalism- Belief in or stress
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