IMPACT OF TAX REFORMS SINCE 1991 Tax reform since 1991 was initiated as a part of the structural reform process‚ following the economic crisis of 1991. Direct Tax Reforms: 1. As per the recommendations of the TRC the personal tax brackets were only three‚ of 20‚ 30‚ and 40% starting in 1992–93. Financial assets were excluded from the wealth tax‚ and the maximum marginal rate was reduced to 1%. 2. Further reductions came in 1997–98‚ when the three rates were brought down further to 10‚ 20‚
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Soda Tax: The Beginning of the End The government plans to tax sugary drinks to lower consumption and reduce obesity rates. It is a tax that is justified‚ because a high majority of its consumers are obese and our government believes they should step in and do something about it. There are positive aspects of a soda tax‚ but it would also be a violation of freedom of choice‚ with many other red flags as well. The government simply‚ has too much involvement with our personal lives. Placing a
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we utilize ‘least privilege’ on a daily basis. Believe the idea is to limit security rights and only grant higher level access when necessary to limit accidental and intentioned damaging activity. The latest Microsoft and Apple operating systems do prompt you for administrative rights when changing a configuration or installing software. In the open source world you would have to be granted sudo privileges to the root account when configuring or installing. At my workplace‚ I have seen many examples
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Summarize the sources and objectives of modern income tax statutes. The primary source of US tax law is Congress. Power to initiate tax legislation is vested in the House of Representatives but all tax bills must pass both houses and be signed into law by the President. Many times the details of the legislation are not dictated by Congress‚ but left to the Treasury Department which adopts regulations (that have the force of law) to spell out the details as well as interpret the statutes and provide
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ocean currents past drier land masses‚ such as the Gulf Stream‚ partially explains the elevated frequency of lightning in the Southeast United States. Because the influence of small or absent land masses in the vast stretches of the world’s oceans limits the differences between these variants in the atmosphere‚ lightning is notably less frequent there than over larger landforms. The North and South Poles are limited in their coverage of thunderstorms and therefore result in areas with the least amount
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INTRODUCTION Service tax is a tax on Services. Service tax is not a tax on profession / trade but it is a tax on the service provided in exercise of the profession / trade. It is leviable only if there is provision of service. SALE V/S SERVICE Service is different from sale. The fact that some goods have been used in the course of providing service’ doesn’t make that transaction a sale. The nature of the transaction depends on the intention of the parties. If the parties intended to enter into
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effectiveness/efficien cy of such taxes. This stud y attempts to appr aise the usefulness of the tax system in Nigeria‚ usin g Value Added Tax system as a r efer en ce point. The significance of this stud y i s that it will enable th e government officials‚ r esear cher s an d econ omic analysts to appr aise an y type of tax‚ with th e aid of the par ameters used in this stud y. The stud y used th e ability to gener ate revenue and the ability to in fluence th e consumption pattern s as th e measur ement par
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SC 2279: (1977) 4 SCC 98: 1977 SCC (Tax) 536 Decided On: 31.08.1977 Bench: 7 Judge Bench consisting of the following Justices of the Supreme Court of India: Chief Justice M. Hameedullah Beg.‚ Justice N. L. Untwalia‚ Justice P. N. Bhagwati‚ Justice P. S. Kailasam‚ Justice S. Murtaza Fazal Ali‚ Justice V. R. Krishna Iyer and Justice Y. V. Chandrachud. Brief facts of the case: The case dealt with the constitutionality of a certain pattern of sales tax legislation‚ calculated to counter
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pluralism is one of its most important features. The term pluralism is also used to denote a theoretical standpoint on state and power - which to varying degrees suggest that pluralism is an adequate model of how power is distributed in societies. Explain three political functions of pressure groups - A political function of a pressure group would be to promote discussion and debate and mobilise public opinion on key issues‚ this function is mainly to increase main stream democracy amongst the people
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Linear Least Squares Suppose we are given a set of data points {(xi ‚ fi )}‚ i = 1‚ . . . ‚ n. These could be measurements from an experiment or obtained simply by evaluating a function at some points. You have seen that we can interpolate these points‚ i.e.‚ either find a polynomial of degree ≤ (n − 1) which passes through all n points or we can use a continuous piecewise interpolant of the data which is usually a better approach. How‚ it might be the case that we know that these data points should
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