due due to the spatial arrangement of parts around asymmetric carbons; raw material for synthesis of other organic molecules. Disaccharides- Two monosaccharides that are joined by a glycosidic linkage. Polysaccharides- Storage or structural macromolecules made from a few hundred to a few thousand monosaccharides. Formation of glycogen and cellulose by condensation reactions to form glycosidic bonds: These are formed when two monosaccharides are condensed together. One monosaccharide loses an
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Membrane Transport Process Process Energy Source Description Examples Passive processes Simple diffusion Kinetic energy Kinetic energy Net movement of particles (ions. molecules. etc.) from an area of their higher concentration to an area of their lower concentration. that is. along their concentration gradient Movement of fats‚ oxygen‚ carbon dioxide through the lipid portion of the membrane‚ and ions through protein channels under certain conditions Osmosis Kinetic energy Simple diffusion
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Basic chemistry of a cell Properties of water – – – Life on Earth began in water and evolved there for 3 billion years before spreading onto land. Modern life‚ even terrestrial life‚ remains tied to water. All living organisms require water more than any other substance. Human beings for example‚ can survive for quite for a few weeks without food‚ but only a week or so without water. – – – Water is deceptively simple. It is shaped something like a wide V‚ with its two hydrogen atoms joined
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meaning that they added electrons to compounds. * Activation energy provided by lightening or UV radiation may have been able to create organic compounds and amino acids‚ as demonstrated by a number of modern experiments. Abiotic Synthesis of Macromolecules * Experiments have been done in which amino acid solutions in hot sand have formed polymers‚ but not true proteins. These polymers may have functioned as basic catalysts of some kind‚ however. Protobionts * Cells have genetic material
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Ribosomes - protein synthesizing machines d. Lysosome - breaks down intracellular debris e. Cell membrane BUT NO CELL WALL Structure of a Plant cell a. Thylakoids - site of light-driven ATP synthesis b. Vacuole - degrades and recycles macromolecules c. Cell Wall d. Chloroplasts; but also have mitochondria ** Difference b/t Prokaryotic & Eurkaryotic cells Prokaryotic Cell a. generally small (1-10 nanometers) b. DNA w/ nonhistone protein; genome in nucleoid‚ not surrounded by
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Macromolecules The four macromolecules that are essential to life are Carbohydrates‚ Lipids‚ Proteins‚ and Nucleic Acids. Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are made up of carbon‚ hydrogen‚ and oxygen. It provides energy for the body‚ especially the brain and the nervous system. The food sources are in sugar and grains. Lipids Lipids are made up of hydrogen‚ carbon and oxygen. It provides Energy storage‚ acting as structural components of cell membranes‚ and hormone production
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(Ags): Innate and Adaptive Immunity- Collaboration NTTH-HCMIU-IMMUN-2013 Introduction to IMMUNOLOGY What is Immunology? What is Immune System (IS)? Immunology is the study of our protection from foreign macromolecules or invading organisms and our responses to them. Foreign macromolecule/ Antigen –--- Immunogen: e.g. virus protein‚ worm‚ parasite Everything that should not be in my body Immune System: Molecules‚ cells‚ tissues and organs which provide nonspecific and specific protection against
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Chapter 25 Process of fossilization · Moving water can suspend sediment – inorganic particles · Moving water fills into still body of water o Sediment flats to the bottom o Forms a layer o More layers form with different compositions on the bottom of the lake or ocean · Living things in the ocean die and get buried in the sediments in the ocean · A lot of weight and pressure pushing down · The organic material is replaced by rocks – mineralization resulting
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Plant Cell Plant cells are eukaryotic cells or cells with membrane bound nucleus. Generally‚ plant cells are larger than animal cells and are mostly similar in size and are rectangular or cube shaped. Plant cells are similar to animal cells in being eukaryotic and they have similar cell organelles. What is a Plant Cell? Back to Top Plant cells are eukaryotic cells i.e.‚ the DNA in a plant cell is enclosed within the nucleus. The most important distinctive structure of plant cell is the presence
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affect how they interact with other molecules. 11. How do you build a polymer? How do you breakdown a polymer? Build by dehydration from monomers and take out wather‚ break down by hydrolysis add water to form monomers 12. Know the 4 major macromolecules. Here are some important things you should know from each category. a. Carbohydrates- Glucose‚ alpha-glucose-starch‚ beta-glucose-cellulose‚ monomer: monosaccharides‚ polymer:
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