Calcium (Ca+) | <6.5 mg/dL | * inadequate intestinal absorption * deposition of ionized Ca into bone of soft tissue * blood administration or decrease in PTH and vit D | * neuromuscular excitability * confusion * paresthesias around the mouth and in the digits * carpopedal spasm * hyperreflexia
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treatment of the disease have been investigated in science and medicine for hundreds of years‚ and‚ since the discovery of the parasite which causes it‚ attention has focused on its biology. These studies have continued up to the present day‚ since no effective Malaria vaccine has yet been developed and many of the older antimalarial drugs are losing effectiveness as the parasite evolves high levels of drug resistance. As malaria remains a major public health problem‚ causing 250 million cases of fever
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(Christen‚ Fent‚ & Mittner‚ 2016). The economic value behind bees is enormous‚ because of it‚ scientists were quick to find the culprit: Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD). It consists of a myriad of obstacles facing the bees population; from pesticides‚ parasites‚ climate change‚ to the monoculturalism of crops. With these barriers‚ scientists are also researching ways to combat CCD in order to save the bees and agriculture. Colony Collapse Disorder
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Name UNIT 22 CAUSES AND SPREAD OF INFECTION 1.1 Identify the differences between bacteria‚ viruses‚ fungi and parasites What is a Bacteria? A bacteria is a living things that are neither plants nor animals‚ but belong to a group all by themselves. They are very small--individually not more than one single cell--however there are normally millions of them together‚ for they can multiply really fast. Bacteria are prokaryotes (single cells that do not
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Topic: Cystic Fibrosis Introduction Cystic Fibrosis (CF) according to Cohen 2004‚ is the most common fatal hereditary disease amongst children and adults. It is an autosomal recessive disorder‚ and most carriers of the gene are asymptomatic. The flawed gene that causes CF affects the glandular secretions by altering chloride transport across cell membranes. Thickening of bronchial secretions leads to infection and other respiratory disorders. Other mucus secreting glands
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Lundin KE‚ Scott H‚ Hansen T‚ Paulsen G‚ Halstensen TS‚ Fausa O‚ et al. Gliadin-specific‚ HLA-DQ(alpha 1*0501‚ beta 1*0201) restrict- ed T cells isolated from the small intestinal mucosa of celiac disease patients. J Exp Med. 1993;178(1):187–96. Lundin KE‚ Gjertsen HA‚ Scott H‚ Sollid LM‚ Thorsby E. T cells from the small intestinal mucosa of a DR4‚ DQ7/DR4‚ DQ8 celiac disease patient preferentially recognize gliadin when presented by DQ8. Hum Immunol. 1994;41(4):285–91. Sollid LM. Coeliac disease:
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live for weeks Soil can live for years Feces days Salmonella can survive in cool places but hot places may kill bacteria (thats why cooking food can prevent poisoning) Commonly found in meat‚ eggs In humans and animals it is found in the intestinal tract
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Enterococci can survive very harsh environments including extreme alkaline pH 9.6 and salt concentrations (basic). Environment: They can found in the intestines of humans‚ particularly within the large bowel. They also are a natural part of the intestinal flora in most other mammals and birds. E. faecalis has also been frequently found in root canal-treated teeth. Pathogenicity: The organism is able to cause disease. E. faecalis can cause life-threatening infections in humans‚ especially in the
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ingestion / hydrolytic enzymes Mitochondria – exhibit maternal inheritance desmosomes = “spot welds”; attach cells together and give cells mechanical strength (ex. skin cells) Tight junctions = seal the spaces b/w cells and prevent cell leakage (ex. intestinal cells) Gap junctions = allow cells to exchange nutrients and for molecular communication Endosymbiotic Theory – mitochondria and chloroplasts originated as independent unicellular organisms living in symbiosis with larger cells Fluid Mosaic –
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Like most other parasites‚ it is often times found in places like remote West Africa‚ like certain places in and near Ghana. Most commonly it causes blisters that usually get infected and cause swelling of the skin‚ joint infections‚ and tetanus‚ or lockjaw. Currently‚ there
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