Relative to electrons and electron states‚ what does each of the four quantum numbers specify? 4. Give the electron configurations for the following ions: P5+‚ P3-‚ Sn4+‚ Se2-‚ I- and Ni2+. 5. Potassium iodide (KI) exhibits predominantly ionic bonding. The K+ and I- ions have electron structures that are identical to which two inert gases? 6. Without consulting the periodic table‚ determine whether each of the electron configurations given below is
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Ionic Compounds Ionic compounds consist of cations (positive ions) and anions (negative ions). The nomenclature‚ or naming‚ of ionic compounds is based on the names of the component ions. Here are the principal naming conventions for ionic compounds‚ along with examples to show how they are used: Roman NumeralsA Roman numeral in parentheses‚ followed by the name of the element‚ is used for elements that can form more than one positive ion. This is usually seen with metals. You can use a chart to see
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silver and copper‚ solutions containing aqueous; Zn2+‚ Pb2+‚ Cu2+ and Ag+ ions (0.2 M)‚ hydrochloric acid (5.0 M)‚ emery paper‚ test-tubes. Method: Burnish the three metal strips to get a shiny surface‚ after drop a drop of each of the metal ion solutions on the cleaned metal strips. Wash it off after a few minutes‚ and if there is patina present‚ record it. To test the reaction between the solids and hydrogen (H+) ions a small piece of each metal was dropped into a test-tube with 0.5 M hydrochloric
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chlorate ions in bleach?’ Aim: The aim of this experiment was to investigate the optimum temperature storage conditions of bleach’s stored at different temperatures. Introduction: Chlorine bleaches are made by dissolving chlorine in sodium hydroxide solution. They have a number of uses as they are used to remove colors‚ whiten or disinfectant via oxidation. Many bleaches have strong bactericidal properties‚ and are used for disinfecting and sterilizing as they contain chlorate ions. Sodium Thiosulphate
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decomposed in the process. Electrode a rod or plate where electricity enters or leaves electrolyte during electrolysis. Reactions occur at electrodes. Discharge the removal of electrons from negative ions to form atoms or the gain of electrons of positive ions to become atoms. Anode positive electrode connected to positive terminal of d.c. source. Oxidation occurs here. Anode loses negative charge as electrons flow towards the battery‚ leaving anode positively
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part 2‚ we focused on cobalt ions in the presence of chloride ions as well as the precipitation of silver nitrate and sodium carbonate. In the last part of the experiment we utilized a solution of Cobalt chloride and compared the color at room temperature and then again in a container of boiling water. Physical Data: No physical Data was applicable to the experiment. Chemical Equations: Part i: Changes in Reactant or Product Concentrations A.Copper and Nickel Ions • [Cu(H2O)4]2+ (aq) + 4NH3(aq)
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atom becomes a cation and a nonmetal becomes an anion. The oppositely charged ions attract one another and form an ionic compound Covalent: nonmetal & nonmetal Covalent bonds are shared; Ionic bonds are distributed Covalent bonds are stronger than Ionic bonds Ionic Compounds: Ionic compounds consist of positive and negative ions. The ions are held together by strong attractions between the oppositely charged ions‚ called ionic bonds Properties of ionic Compounds: The physical and chemical
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reaction. The conversion of 1-butanol to 1-bromobutane relies on sulfuric acid which plays two important roles. First‚ it protonates the alcohol of 1-butanol to form an oxonium ion which is a good leaving group. Secondly‚ it produces the hydrobromic acid‚ the nucleophile‚ which attacks 1-butanol causing the oxonium ion to leave and forming 1-bromobutane. However‚ using sulfuric acid in this experiment has several downsides. First‚ it poses a huge safety hazard as it can cause severe burns. Secondly
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oxidized when exposed to air and light. Vitamin C is a fairly strong reducing agent and decolorizes many dyes. Its aqueous solutions are rapidly oxidized by air; this reaction is accelerated in basic solution and in the presence of iron and copper ions. The vitamin-C content of juices can decrease rapidly with time once the juice is exposed to air. (Much of the information reported here about vitamin C was obtained from the Merck Index‚ Susan Budavari‚ Ed.‚ Merck and Co.‚ Inc.‚ Rahway‚ NJ‚ 1989‚
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positive electrode is called the anode and the negative electrode is called the cathode. d) For electrolysis to occur the electrolyte must be in liquid form so that the ions are free to move. e) In electrolysis the negative ions move towards the anode. When they get there they lose electrons to form neutral atoms. The positive ions move towards the cathode. When they get there they gain electrons to form neutral atoms Electrolysis is the process by which ionic substances are broken down into simpler
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