and the effect that the solvent has on the rates of SN1 and SN2 reactions. The SN1 mechanism is a two-step nucleophilic substitution‚ or unimolecular displacement. In the first step of the mechanism‚ the carbon-halogen bond breaks and the halide ion leaving group leaves in a slow‚ rate-determining step to form a carbocation intermediate. The carbocation intermediate is then immediately detained by the weak nucleophile in a fast‚ second step to give the product. A solution of ethanol with some silver
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by the attraction between oppositely charged ions. Ionic bonds are formed between metals and nonmetals. Remember that metal atoms lose one or more valence electrons in order to achieve a stable electron arrangement. When a metal atom loses electrons it forms a positive ion or cation. When nonmetals react they gain one or more electrons to reach a stable electron arrangement. When a nonmetal atom gains one or more electrons it forms a negative ion or anion. The metal cations donate electrons
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concentration of the solution formed when 59.78 g of ammonium hydroxide is dissolved in 856.0 cm3 of water. 5. What volume of water is needed to dissolve 150.8 g of lithium borate to make a 9.46 M solution? 6. What mass of mercury (II) iodide is needed to make 1350 mL of a 3.17 M HgI2 solution? 7. How many moles of (NH4)2CO3 are contained in 2.40 L of a 0.899 M solution? Dilutions 1. A 350.0 mL solution is diluted to 1.965 L. At this dilution‚ it has a concentration of 0
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Vitamin c Estimation by back(idiometric) titration Mahindra (UWC of India) Chemistry lab report for back titration Name: Ashenafi Asfaw Beyene Back (Indirect) Titration Vitamin C estimation by Back Titration Table1: The amount of volume (in cm3) and concentration (in M) of KI‚ KIO3‚ and H2SO4 which were used in the experiment of Vit C estimation
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Revision checklist for IGCSE Chemistry 0620 A guide for Students Revision checklist for IGCSE Chemistry 0620 A guide for students How to use this guide The guide describes what you need to know about your IGSCE Chemistry examination. It will help you to plan your revision programme for the theory examinations and will explain what the examiners are looking for in the answers you write. It can also be used to help you to revise by using tick boxes in Section 3‚ ‘What you need to know’‚ to check
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iodine. The solubility of iodine is increased by complexation with iodide to form triiodide I2 (aq) + I- ºI3- Triiodide then oxidizes vitamin C to dehydroascorbic acid C6H8O6+ I3-+ H2O → C6H6O6+ 3I-+ 2H+(2) Vitamin C dehydroascorbic acid The endpoint is indicated by the reaction of iodine with starch suspension‚ which produces a blue-black product. As long as vitamin C is present‚ the triiodide is quickly converted to iodide ion‚ and no blue-black iodine-starch product is observed. However‚ when
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a readox reaction to occur‚ special apparatus called voltaic cell can be used. It is made by connecting a voltmeter between two electrodes‚ which are immersed in to the two different solutions separated by porous barrier. This barrier allows flow of ions‚ so that the voltage or potential can be measured. In a closer look of such reactions‚ it can be determined that the sum of the potentials of oxidation and reduction is actually the voltage of the whole voltaic cell. For convenience negative electrode
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to determine unknown ions present in chemical samples by observing and analyzing results from various reactions of the sample with chemicals. Qualitative analysis is done through a series of steps. It is usually divided into two parts‚ namely: the preliminary and confirmatory tests. Preliminary tests are done to eliminate ion choices‚ while confirmatory tests are done to confirm the actual ions present in the sample. Qualitative analysis was done to identify the ions present in a given unknown
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Experiment IV Solubility of Dissolved Oxygen Purpose To demonstrate the effect of partial pressure‚ temperature and salinity on the solubility of dissolved oxygen and to demonstrate the interference of nitrite in dissolved oxygen analysis by the Winkler Method. To demonstrate the use of the oxygen electrode and the difference between activity and concentration. References 1. Mancy‚ K. H.‚ Jaffe‚ T.‚ "Analysis of Dissolved Oxygen in Natural and Waste Water‚" USDHEW Public Health Service
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Kinetics Kinetics 6.1 Rates of reaction 6.2 Collision theory 6 16.1 Rate Expression (AHL) 16.2 Reaction mechanism (AHL) 16.3 Activation energy (AHL) 6.1 Rates of reaction 6.1.1 Define the term rate of reaction. 6.1.2 Describe suitable experimental procedures for measuring rates of reactions. 6.1.3 Analyse data from rate experiments. © IBO 2007 Figure 601 An explosion is a quick reaction D ifferent chemical reactions occur at different rates (i.e. speeds)
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