Structure of Cells Monday‚ September 30‚ 2013 • Cytology ○ Cyto = cell ○ Logos = study of • Background ○ 1665 Robert Hook’s Micrographia § Was studying cork cells ○ 1833 R. Brown § Discovered nucleus ○ 1838 M. Schleiden § Said that all plants consist of cells ○ 1839 T. Schwann § All animals consist of cells ○ 1855 Virchow § Cells come only from preexisting cells • The Cell Theory ○ Cells are the structural units of all living things ○ Cells are
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Cell Fractionation * Cell Fractionation: takes cells apart and separates the major organelles and other subcellular structures from one another. * Tissue cells are the first one to be homogenate or broken apart. * Plasma membranes are broken up so that there internal contents spill out and mix together and this is called homogenate. * Homogenate is in spun in a higher rate of speed in a process called centrifugation. And that speed can vary that why it’s called differential
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The Cell: Transport Mechanisms and Cell Permeability 1. Molecular motion: A and D 2. Velocity of molecular movement: B and C 4. Size of pores. Solubility in the lipid portion of the membrane and/or presence of membrane “carriers” for the substance(s). 5. Glucose- (a) move into the sac Albumin- (c) no movement Water- (b) move out of the cell NaCl- (a) move into the celll 7. Hypertonic- C- crenated Isotonic- B Hypotonic- A- hemolysis‚ bursting open due to swelling
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different membranes that are suspended in the cytoplasm within a cell. These membranes divide the cell into functional and structural compartments‚ or organelles. The endomembrane system has three major components; the plasma membrane‚ Golgi apparatus‚ and vesicles. The plasma membrane surrounds the outside of the cell. It is made up of a double layer of phospholipids and controls the movement of various substances into and out of the cell‚ both passively and actively. The plasma membrane separates
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STUDY GUIDE WITH CELL QUIZ Cell wall: Cell membrane: All cells have cell membrane Allows only essential things to come in. Double layer of lipids. Double layer=bilayer Golgi body Process and package macromolecules There is a cis end and a Trans end. Cells secrete things that have been packages from apparatus. Modify by adding carbs and phosphates. Imports substances Endoplasmic retulum Ribosome Cytoplasmic granules-small particle that floats in cytoplasm Made of ribosomal DNA and
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at “cells” began looking at little packaged parts. 1673- Leuwenhoek 1838- Schleiden‚ botanist all things are composed of cells 1839- Schwann‚ physiologist 1858- Virchow‚ physician next big thing‚ came to the conclusion that cells didn’t appear but they came from previously existing cells The ‘initial’ Cell Theory all organisms are composed of one or more cells The cell is the basic unit of life All cells are produced by the division of preexisting cells Modern Cell theory cells are basically
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Animal Cells Vs. Plant Cells There are quite a few similarities and differences between plant and animal cells. Whether it be the internal parts of the cells‚ or the processes they go through. They also have differences in shape and sometimes size. These are only a few examples of similarities and differences between the two different cells. To begin with‚ both animal and plant cells are eukaryotic cells. This means that both cells have the same internal features‚ such as a cell membrane‚ a nucleus
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The Cell Cycle Brittany Jameson Vista College Abstract The cell cycle is made up of five steps. These steps are interphase‚ mitosis‚ cytoplasmic division‚ cell differentiation‚ and cell death. During mitosis there is a series of four stages. The Cell Cycle To start the cell cycle the cells first go through a step called interphase. During this step the cell grows and synthesizes new molecules and organelles. In the S phase the DNA of the cell is replicated in preparation for cell division
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Cells Cell Theory- Cells are the smallest units of life All organisms are made of one or more cells All cells come from pre-existing cells Cells are organized Organelles- compartments that perform different functions in the cell Cells can be prokaryotic or eukaryotic Eukaryotes (Animals‚ plants‚ and fungi) Contain: Nucleus Membrane bound organelles Prokaryotes Nucleoid- region that contains DNA Flagellum Characteristics of Chloroplasts and Mitochondria (similar to Prokaryotic Cells)
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known as germ warfare — is the deliberate use of disease-causing biological agents such as bacteria‚ viruses‚ fungi‚ or biological toxins‚ to kill or incapacitate humans‚ animals or plants as an act of war. Biological weapons (often termed "bio-weapons" or "bio-agents") are living organisms or replicating entities (viruses) that reproduce or replicate within their host victims. Entomological (insect) warfare is also considered a type of BW. Biological weapons may be employed in various ways to
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