recovery of benzoin. The low percent recovery could be due to the purity of the limiting reactant‚ benzaldehyde. Upon filtration‚ the mother liquid appeared oily making it more likely that the low recovery was due to the solution ‘oiling out.’ This could be avoided in the future by maintaining the temperature of the solution below the melting point of the crystals. Post Lab Questions 4.Upon analysis of the 1H NMR spectrum of benzoin it was determined that the peak at 4.6PPM is the proton from the
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was able to dissolve increased with the mass of the solute. This can be explained by the fact that increased temperature means a grater average velocity of the particles‚ which helps them to change their state more easily‚ in this case from solid to liquid. Evaluation There are several things we could have done better in our experiment to obtain more accurate results. One of the potential errors was the part of our experiment during which we looked for the first signs of crystallization because
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with the result of Ujang Z. et al. (2011) (133). And similar to all‚ the PM between CXB and 11 KDa chitosan (11 KDa chitosan:CXB 7:3) showed both the melting point of the CXB and the broad endothermic peak of chitosan suggesting that CXB present in crystal form. On contrast to other SDs‚ 11 KDa chitosan based SD with different ratios showed that melting point peak of CXB still present thus all SD remained crystalline. This result will be confirmed by SEM results in next section
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water occurs when the molecules in a liquid state absorb enough heat energy to vaporize into a gas. The heat energy‚ which causes the molecules to move‚ is called kinetic energy. The water molecules remain the same during this change‚ except that they’re moving much more quickly and their energy increases due to that movement. If you remove the energy by cooling the gas‚ then the gas condenses back into a liquid. Take away even more of the heat energy‚ and the liquid will solidify. This is what causes
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Taste/odour masking Potentially good bioavailability Liquid filled capsules –Advantages 1. Dose Uniformity In a powder capsule for potent drug choice the problems are achieving homogenous mix at the required scale of scrutiny. To overcome this problem we could formulate as a solution; 100% homogenous. Filling liquids also avoids problems of poor powder flow; if this occurs during filling‚ can lead to variation of fill weight. (with a liquid‚cV< 1% possible) . 2. Patient safety compliance/consumer
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purified‚ and even bottled water. All of these solutions are very similar‚ but one difference that could be proposed between them is the rate of nucleation when the different solutions are super cooled. According to one study‚ “Supercooling occurs when a liquid does not freeze although its temperature is below its freezing point” (Gholaminejad & Hosseini‚ 2013). Many experiments have been conducted on this area of study‚ but their experiments were limited because distilled water was the only type of aqueous
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point lowering (depression) (Brown‚ 542). For a substance to freeze‚ the kinetic energy of the particles must be low enough for the attractions to arrange the molecules in one position in a crystal structure. The freezing point of a solution is the temperature at 1 atm of pressure when both the solid and liquid phases are in equilibrium (Brown‚ 545). Solute particles cause the
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ABSTRACT In this experiment‚we use a microwave dryer to dry the wet sand . We choose to use a mixture of sand and water because we believe that sand is a solid which possesess both regular and irregular crystal lattice structure ‚ therefore making the movement of water particle easy and decrease faster ‚leading to a short drying time. The measurement of the moisture content is based on the weight sample which is inversely proportional with the temperature and time ‚ though the temperatue is kept
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Introduction: Objective To learn how to obtain an accurate melting point using a MELTING POINT APPARATUS‚ then use them to draw eutectic curve and determine the eutectic point. Melting point of a solid is the temperature at which the solid and its liquid form are in equilibrium‚ i.e.‚ molecules move back and forth between the two states at the same rate‚ so both phases remain present. If the temperature of a solid is measured carefully as the solid is heated‚ the temperature will be observed to rise
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we are immensely interested in solutions‚ especially liquid solutions. Solutions are defined as homogeneous mixtures of pure substances in which no precipitation or settling occurs. We often think of solutions as liquids‚ but we can have solutions of solids (alloys)‚ gases (air is a solution of nitrogen‚ oxygen‚ carbon dioxide‚ and a number of other gases)‚ and a combination of states such as liquid and solid metals (amalgams) and liquids and gases (nitrogen in the blood‚ carbonated beverages)
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