could read the Bible now‚ people had many different interpretations‚ which they believed were the one true way to salvation or the “right” way to live a Christian life. Three of the new forms of Protestantism were even more radical than Lutheranism: Zwinglianism‚ Calvinism‚ and Anabaptism. Ulrich Zwingli was a former catholic priest turned reformer. While he held many of the same values and beliefs as Luther such as scriptural authority and priesthood of all believers‚ he completely rejected transubstantiation
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The Holy Roman Empire had been a strong national entity since the latest 900’s where the First emperor‚ Ottoman 1 took power. Through marriages‚ treaties and alliances the empire grew to encompass Germany‚ Italy‚ Austria‚ Hungary‚ and many other European nations. At the height of the empire a tragedy for its well being occurred. Martin Luther and other religious thinkers insinuated the Protestant Reformation. This tore the Empire apart and forced it to break it’s Spanish ties with King Phillip with
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Testament were soon widely available As the movement spread to the rest of Europe‚ it splintered‚ creating a variety of different Protestant churches Ex: Lutheran‚ Calvinist‚ Anglican‚ Quaker‚ Anabaptist‚ Puritan‚ etc. Spread of Protestantism Calvinism Established by John Calvin in Switzerland Preached predestination = God determines the fate of every person The Anabaptists Denied the authority of local governments Refused to hold office‚ bear arms‚ or swear oaths Many lived separate
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1. What were the ’disasters’ that Europe suffered during the fourteenth century‚ and what were their consequences? (Short Answer). There were many disasters during the fourteenth century for instance‚ The Black Death and the revolts and repression‚ The Hundred Years War‚ The Babylonian Captivity‚ and The Great Schism all of which lead to many consequences. The Black Death was a horrible plague that hit Europe in the 1200 to 1600 time frame‚ wiping out about a third of its population. The disease
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The Age of Reformation The Age of Reformation - religious revolution in Western Europe in the 16th cent. Beginning as a reform movement within the Roman Catholic Church‚ the Reformation ultimately led to freedom of dissent. The preparation for the movement was long and there had been earlier calls for reform‚ e.g.‚ by John WYCLIF and John HUSS. Desire for change within the church was increased by the RENAISSANCE‚ with its study of ancient texts and emphasis on the individual. Other factors
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Girard Girard P.1 Professor Maddock History 308 3/22/10 The economic and political success of the Dutch and the English between 1570-1766 How the Dutch and English became successful was not only in trading but being merchants and bankers as well. When the other countries were busy fighting each other the Dutch were specializing in trading with them. Out of 20‚000 trading vessels 16‚000 of them were Dutch ships." In the early 1400’s two thirds were based in Amsterdam."The English and Dutch went
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Among the longest ruling monarchs of all time‚ Louis XIV was also one of the most influential in European history. King Louis XIV managed‚ in nearly seventy-five years of rule over France‚ to change the structure of all of Europe. Within France‚ Louis had nearly absolute power with an almost non-existent Estates General‚ and poorly constructed and scattered “parlements.” Economically‚ taxation was biased toward the aristocracy‚ leading to corruption practiced to substitute for lost income. With the
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Published in: Burian Alex. Kontiades Xen.‚(eds)‚ The Institutional Reforms in the Republic of Moldova in the Context of European Integration‚ Proceedings‚ International Conference‚ Institute of History‚ State and Law‚ Academy of Sciences of Moldova‚ Chisinau‚ Moldova‚ pp 102-106‚ MODELING PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION: NORMATIVE VERSUS OPERATIONAL ADMINISTRATIVE TRADITION IN EU MEMBER STATES Theodore N. Tsekos Assistant Professor of Public Administration The Higher Institute for Technological
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both monasticism and a celibate clergy‚ a new stress on “mutual love between man and wife” could be celebrated. A woman’s role however was obedience to her husband and to bear children. By the mid-sixteenth century‚ Lutheranism had been established in Scandinavia and Germany and Calvinism was established in Scotland‚ Switzerland‚ France‚ the Netherlands and Eastern Europe. In England‚ the split from Rome resulted in the creation of a national church. The Catholic Church also
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In the wake of the Reformation‚ two countries experienced a century of great change‚ and whether growth or decline‚ this change was drastic. After Elizabeth I died at the turn of the century‚ James I took the throne of England and took absolutism with him. He and the next five successors would oversee the growth of England from an erratic‚ absolutist monarchy to a working‚ stable Constitutional monarchy. France was not fortunate enough to experience such growth. In contrast‚ it experienced great
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