homogeneity across cultures. The theory of relative face orientation We have discussed that Brown and Levinson’s (1987) face-saving politeness theory has been undermined for its inability to be applied universally. In surveying recent studies in cross-cultural communication‚ Mao (1994) mentions Janney and Arndt (1993)‚ who characterise it as idealistic‚ culturally biased‚ and lacking objective empirical evidence for the evaluation of their politeness universals. Instead of a theory centered on universals
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In today’s society work is most likely to be associated with paid work. We always tell people about our paid employment‚ the work where we receive a regular income. So the work we do can play a role in defining our identity and how we see our self. Your employment can also play a major role in terms of; determining a person’s level of income‚ defining a person’s status‚ social class and a person’s Life chances. For example those in upper class enjoy greater life chances than those in working class
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Deterrence theory is a form of social control that is used to instill fear as a preventative measure to crime. This theory often makes an offender do a cost/benefits analysis prior to committing the crime: is doing this crime worth the time? An offender is “put on notice” that if they are caught there are certain things that society and the constitution mandates will happen as a result of non-conformity. I believe Deterrence can work‚ my issue is the varying degrees of non-conformity and the varying
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During 1950 and 1960‚ some small group decision making developed the idea of contingency theory. At the end of 1950s‚ academic schools began to utilize the contingency idea into organization theory. The term “contingency theory was created‚ it challenged the traditional management notion: finding the one best way to organize. Together with special and united notion of subsystems‚ the contingency theory drew theorists’ attention and obtain acceptance. Then more and more researchers took part in studying
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Reflection on THE IMPORTANCE OF PAY IN EMPLOYEE MOTIVATION: DISCREPANCIES BETWEEN WHAT PEOPLE SAY AND WHAT THEY DO Introduction Leadership is "organizing a group of people to achieve a common goal." The leader may or may not have any formal authority. Students of leadership have produced theories involving traits‚ situational interaction‚ function‚ behavior‚ power‚ vision and values‚ charisma‚ and intelligence among others. Discussion and Analysis The use of monetary or other financial incentives
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Prospect theory Prospect theory was developed by Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky in 1979 as a psychologically realistic alternative to expected utility theory. It allows one to describe how people make choices in situations where they have to decide between alternatives that involve risk‚ e.g. in financial decisions. Starting from empirical evidence‚ the theory describes how individuals evaluate potential losses and gains. In the original formulation the term prospect referred to a lottery.
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University of Phoenix Material Chart of Theories Theory |Key Figures |Key Concepts of Personality Formation |Explanation of Disorder Personality |Validity |Comprehensiveness |Applicability |Cultural Utility | |Psychosocial Humanistic |Erik Erickson Carl Rogers Abraham Maslow |Erickson was interested in childhood development‚ and its effects on adult society. Erikson ’s theory refers to ’psychosocial crisis ’ which represents internal emotional conflict. With the emotional
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Arousal theories – drive theory‚ inverted U theory‚ catastrophe theory Application: During the rallies‚ you could see that their arousal levels were increasing because he kept hitting the shuttle harder and harder each time and because he is in the autonomous stage of learning‚ as arousal levels increased‚ so did their performance as they won most rallies. Theory: Drive theory – this theory states that as arousal levels increase‚ so does performance/dominant response. With cognitive learners
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Theory X‚ Theory Y by Douglas McGregor is a motivation theory. Douglas McGregor is a social psychologist and applied two sets of assumptions to the organizational structure called Theory X and Theory Y. His theory is based on managerial views of human beings. In his book‚ The Human Side of Enterprise‚ he outlined a new role for managers. He stated that managers should assist subordinates in reaching their full potential‚ rather than commanding and controlling. Theory X is negative and Theory Y can
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Philosophy Ego Theory and Bundle Theory Derek Parfit’s views on personal identity and the Ego and Bundle Theory are all summarized in his article “Divided Minds and the Nature of Persons”. In his article‚ Parfit explains the distinction between Ego theory and Bundle theory and provides several arguments against Ego Theory. Although it proves to be very difficult to believe the Bundle Theory‚ Parfit’s critique is convincing and well thought out. In order to defend the Bundle Theory of personal identity
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