QUILONA‚ KLARISSE JANE A. BSP-1B Animal Tissues 1. Epithelial Epithelial tissue is made of closely-packed cells arranged in flat sheets. Epithelia form the surface of the skin‚ line the various cavities and tubes of the body‚ and cover the internal organs. Subsets of Epithelia Epithelia that form the interface between the internal and external environments. Skin as well as the lining of the mouth and nasal cavity. These are derived from ectoderm. Inner lining of the GI tract‚ lungs‚ urinary
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Flexible Hinge Region Tropomyosin (covers head) MOTOR UNIT - single alpha motor neuron + muscle fibers that it innervate - FINE: alpha motor neuron innervates FEW muscle fibers; GROSS: MANY muscle fibers Muscle Depolarization and Contraction 1. Neuromuscular Junction 2. Release of ACh (Acetylcholine) molecules 3. Binding of ACh to receptor opens up Na/K 4. Concentration Gradient (K OUT‚ NA IN) 5. Depolarization of Sarcolemma 6. Action Potential down the T-Tubule 7. Sarcoplasmic Reticulum -> Ca pump 8
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Muscle fatigue‚ or physical fatigue‚ is the decline in ability of a muscle to generate force. It can be a result of strenuous exercise but unusual fatigue may be caused by interference with the different stages of muscle contraction. There are two main causes of muscle fatigue‚ nervous fatigue and metabolic fatigue. Nervous Fatigue Nervous fatigue is the decline in the ability of a nerve to sustain a signal resulting in innervation of the muscle. The muscle’s ability to generate force is most strongly
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1. Acetylcholine (ChA) Acetylcholine (ChA) is a classical neurotransmitter‚ which is mainly located in neuromuscular junctions‚ where this chemical stimulates motor neurons to active muscles‚ in synapses and other sites across the central nervous system. Cholinergic neurons are the cells that uses acetylcholine to send its messages and perform other important functions [22]. Acetylcholine is synthesized in neuronal terminals from acetyl CoA and choline‚ the enzymes of this reaction is choline
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There are many systems known and suspected of influencing SC activation and deactivation. Some include the vascular system‚ the immune system‚ the neuromuscular system‚ the autocrine system‚ and finally the myocyte nucleus. Most of the activation is influenced by the immune system after a muscle cell has been damaged. Once traumatized‚ Necrophils and Macrophages of the immune system migrate to the site
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Skeletal System Skeletal system is the biological system providing support in living organisms. Skin‚ muscle and bones allow movement. Skin - pliable covering. Muscles do actual moving. Bones give anchor to move against. The skeleton functions not only as the support for the body but also in haematopoiesis‚ the manufacture of blood cells that takes place in bone marrow. This is why people who have cancer of the bone marrow almost always die. It is also necessary for protection of vital organs
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of the H zone in the proper direction. The actin molecules are also found in the chains which are placed on each side of the Z line. Now I will explain the sliding filament theory of a contracting muscle. A nervous impulse arrives at the neuromuscular junction‚ which causes a release of a chemical called Acetylcholine. Due to the Acetylcholine being present it causes the depolarisation of the motor end plate which travels throughout the muscle by the transverse tubules also known as T tubules‚ causing
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extremity movement‚ but movement is also assisted by the acromioclavicular‚ sternoclavicular‚ and scapulothoracic joints that are within the shoulder. The acromioclavicular joint is a synovial joint located superior to the GH joint and consists of the junction between the acromion and the clavicle. The sternoclavicular joint is a synovial saddle joint between the manubrium of the sternum and the clavicle
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BIOSC 048: Problem Set Questions 1. Given that cell A has significantly more nongated K+ channels than cell B‚ which cell has the larger resting membrane potential? Explain. If the permeability to K is higher in A than in B‚ then the resting membrane potential (rmp) will be closer to the equilibrium potential in cell A‚ which means the rmp will be more negative in cell A than in cell B; or in other words‚ the potential difference will be LARGER in cell A. 2. Predict the effect of a reduced
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Potential; Ion Channels; Membrane Potential 2. Nervoous Sys. II: Synaptic Potentials and Cellular Integration‚; Synaptic Transmission 3. Endocrine Sys.: Biochemistry‚ Secretion and Transport of Hormones; Actions of Hormones 4. Muscular Sys.: Neuromuscular Junction; Muscle Metabolism 5. CV Sys.: Cardiac Cycle; Measuring Blood Pressure; Cardiac Output 6. Immune Sys.: Innate Host Defenses; Humoral Immunity; Cellular Immunity 7. Respiratory Sys.: Gas Exchange‚ Pulmonary Ventilation 8. Urinary Sys
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