Traditional grammar classifies words based on eight parts of speech: the verb‚ the noun‚ the pronoun‚ the adjective‚ the adverb‚ the preposition‚ the conjunction‚ and the interjection. Each part of speech explains not what the word is‚ but how the word is used. In fact‚ the same word can be a noun in one sentence and a verb or adjective in the next. The next few examples show how a word ’s part of speech can change from one sentence to the next‚ and following them is a series of sections on the
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These entries are marked with an asterisk (*). Grammar terms and grammatical explanations have been kept to a minimum‚ but it is expected that the reader will be familiar with the English parts of speech and such basic terms as subject‚ object‚ clause‚ and phrase. The most essential pair of tools for every writer is a good dictionary and a respected style guide. To avoid the most commonly-encountered writing errors‚ however‚ the writer in a hurry can save time by looking here first. 100 Writing
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constructions) are structures intermediate between a phrase and a clause. Unlike phrases they contain two words I which semantically are in subject-predicate relations to one another‚ as one (the nominal part) denotes the doer of the action or the bearer of the state or quality‚ while the other (the predicated part) may be either verbal (an infinitive‚ a participle‚ a gerund) or non-verbal (an adjective‚ a stative‚ an adverb‚ a noun). But in most cases the dependent status of the construction is
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verb-initial - "pre-verbal NP" = "subject-like nominal" - agutaynen: ungrammatical‚ to front a NOn-topic NP - (1) and (2) grammatical topics occur post-verbally - (3) and (4) : pre-verbal NPs are clause-internal. Clause-level Topics - if the initial NP that precedes a nominal predicate is deleted‚ clause fragment is left and is uninterpretable continuity studies - flexible word order languages: highly discontinous topics tend to come in pre-verbal position - Givon > austronesian languages: SVO
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A term in traditional grammar for the eight categories* into which words are classified according to their functions in sentences: Nouns -The part of speech (or word class) that is used to name or identify a person‚ place‚ thing‚ quality‚ or action. Pronouns - A word (one of the traditional parts of speech) that takes the place of a noun‚ noun phrase‚ or noun clause Verbs - The part of speech (or word class) that describes an action or occurrence or indicates a state of being. There are two main
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modification Definition: A syntactic construction in which one grammatical element (e.g.‚ a noun) is accompanied (or modified) by another (e.g.‚ an adjective). The accompanying element is called a modifier. In morphology‚ modification is a process of change in a root or stem. See Examples and Observations‚ below. See also: Modifier Attributive Noun Compound Adjective Dangling Modifier‚ Misplaced Modifier‚ and Squinting Modifier Degree Modifier Downtoner Epithet Intensifier Predeterminer
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This is how to get the best result. You let the berries dry in the sun till all moisture has gone of them. Then you gather them and chop them very fine. (Halliday and Hasan‚ 1976: 17) In this example‚ the demonstrative pronoun “this” is used to refer to the whole next two sentences. It should be noted that cataphoric reference does not always contribute to cohesion as the anaphoric does. The second type of cohesive devices suggested by Halliday and Hasan is substitution. A substitution is used
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I In the following examples‚ identify the features that belong to non-standard dialects of English. Then rewrite them in standard English trying to keep the meaning as close as possible to the initial utterance. 1. I ain’t saying nobody nothing. 2. It ain’t what you do‚ it’s the way how you do it. 3. It would have ended in tragedy‚ if it hadn’t have been for the courage of the victim. 4. Me and her sister were caught stealing cookies from the cookie jar. 5. Anyone wants this stuff can
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The Parts of Speech Traditional grammar classifies words based on eight parts of speech: the verb‚ the noun‚ the pronoun‚ the adjective‚ the adverb‚ the preposition‚ the conjunction‚ and the interjection. Each part of speech explains not what the word is‚ but how the word is used. In fact‚ the same word can be a noun in one sentence and a verb or adjective in the next. The next few examples show how a word’s part of speech can change from one sentence to the next‚ and following them is a series of
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sentences‚ but translated as a noun. b) The gerund executes the functions of a part of compound verbal predicate‚ but translated as infinitive. c) The gerund executes the functions of an attribute‚ but translated as verbal adverb. d) The gerund executes the functions of an object‚ but translated as a subordinate clause. It should be observed that though the active forms of the gerund may be rendered in different ways‚ the passive forms are nearly rendered by a clause. Also there are the row
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