the nucleus of the atom has a positive charge‚ and most of the mass of the atom is located in the nucleus due to the insignificance of the weight of electrons. Surrounding the nucleus is a cloud of electrons‚ which move randomly around orbitals and sub orbitals at nearly the speed of light. Other than this‚ most of the atom is empty space. The overall atom is electrically neutral‚ as the number of protons is equal to the number of electrons‚ while the nucleus carries no charge. (b) Sub atomic
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Test Booklet Code - NO.: ABC 2216302 This Booklet contains 20 pages. Do not open this Test Booklet until you are asked to do so. Impoutant Instructions : 1. 2. The Answer Sheet is inside this Test Booklet. When you are directed to open the Test Booklet‚ take out the Answer Sheet and fill in the particulars on side-1 and side-2 carefully with blue/ black ball point pen only. The test is of 3 hours duration and Test Booklet contains 180 questions. Each question carries 4 marks
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b. Use the diagram to explain why the Zr4+ ion exists. (2 marks) When the outer orbitals are filled with applicable number of electrons the element tends to becomes chemically stable under normal conditions. Zirconium atomic structure contains 40 electrons. The nearest noble gas element to zirconium is Krypton‚ which contains 36 electrons.... Electronic configuration for zirconium is given below: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d2 b. Use the diagram to explain
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chlorine also exist as diatomic gases by forming covalent bonds. The nitrogen and oxygen which makes up the bulk of the atmosphere also exhibits covalent bonding in forming diatomic molecules. Covalent bonding can be visualized with the aid of Lewis diagrams. Comparison of Properties of Ionic and Covalent Compounds Because of the nature of ionic and covalent bonds‚ the materials produced by those bonds tend to have quite different macroscopic properties. The atoms of covalent materials are bound tightly
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abrasive‚ and graphite‚ one of the softest substances and a very good lubricant. It can also form nanotubes‚ an area of intense research currently with significant possibilities in many areas. Carbon typically forms four bonds‚ filling up its 2p orbital. Hydrogen is the filler of the open bonds with Carbon‚ any bond not linked to Oxygen‚ Nitrogen or other element in the compound will generally be linked to a Hydrogen atom. Thus a molecule made up of a Carbon
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Energy Level Diagram CW: 3. Draw the energy level diagram for Iron. 4. Draw the energy level diagram for Sulfur. 5. Draw the energy level diagram for Argon 6. Draw the energy level diagram for Neon. 7. Using what you know about electrons and energy levels‚ do you think that Sulfur will gain or lose electrons to achieve a noble gas configuration? Explain your answer using your energy level diagrams. HW: 8. Draw the energy level diagram for Titanium. 9. Draw the energy level diagram for Strontium
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usually have to be the same atom. You will find this sort of bond in‚ for example‚ H2 or Cl2 molecules. [pic] Note: It’s important to realise that this is an average picture. The electrons are actually in a molecular orbital‚ and are moving around all the time within that orbital. [pic] This sort of bond could be thought of as being a "pure" covalent bond - where the electrons are shared evenly between the two atoms. What happens if B is slightly more electronegative than A? B will attract
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of electromagnetic radiation and Planck’s quantum theory; • explain the photoelectric effect and describe features of atomic spectra; • state the de Broglie relation and Heisenberg uncertainty principle; • define an atomic orbital in terms of quantum numbers; • state aufbau principle‚ Pauli exclusion principle and Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity; • write the electronic configurations of atoms. 26 The existence of atoms has been proposed since the time
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Final Exam Review Chapter 2 Study Questions 1. Define the following a) element b) compound c) pure substance 2. Classify each of the following as a pure substance or a mixture. For each pure substance‚ indicate whether it is an element or a compound. Which of the mixtures are solutions a) air b) titanium c) oak d) baking soda e) oxygen f) 7-Up g) wine h) carbon monoxide 3. Label each of the following drawings as element‚ compound‚ or mixture (Assume each type of circle
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One is to determine the gap energy of cadmium sulfide semiconductor thin film using the equation: Eg = h.c/ is the signal of the long wavelength limit of the absorption peaks (measured in the lab). The reaction between cadmium sulfide and NH3‚ in the presents of thiourea yield a of 579(nm). The % error of the reaction is 1.24%. Introduction: There are 3 types of metals for electricity conducting: metallic conductor‚ semiconductor‚ and superconductor. Metallic conductors allow
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