IGCSE PRE-AICE CHEMISTRY 0620 OFFICIAL STUDY GUIDE Notes: To avoid any confusion concerning the symbol for litre‚ dm3 will be used in place of l or litre.Valence electrons are known as valency electrons for this test. Nature of Matter The states of matter are solid‚ liquid‚ and gas‚ in respective order of kinetic energy. State of Matter | Definite Volume | Definite Shape | Solid | Yes | Yes | Liquid | Yes | No | Gas | No | No | Diffusion:
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| | | | Some Group IVA Elements | | | | C | Solid | Black | Crystalized | NotApplicable | Sn | Solid | Silver | Metal | | Si | Solid | White | Powder | | Pb | Solid | Gray | Plate-like | | | | | | | Some Group IIA Metal Oxides | | | | | | Reaction toBlue Litmus Paper | Reaction toRed Litmus Paper | | | | | MgO | Insoluble | No Reaction | Turned to Blue | CaO | Insoluble | No Reaction | Turned to Blue | DATA & RESULTS According to the data and information
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found this new element when he observed that mercuric oxide‚ on heating. Yielded a gas that caused a flame to burn faster. He later found that it could support respiration and therefore he named it dephlogisticated air. It wasn’t until a French chemist Antoine Laurent Lavoisier found it to be an elemental gas. It received it’s current name in s1787 when several French Chemist’s including Lavoiser found that it formed acids from certain oxides of sulfur. The name oxygen literally means (acid former)
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up and created a new gas‚ nitrous oxide. This caused him to see clearer while feeling lightheaded‚ but this happened totally by accident. Nitrous oxide is commonly referred to as laughing gas because Priestly could not stop laughing when the gas was in his system. Nitrous oxide was then tested on Humphry Davy‚ who was the first patient to receive nitrous oxide while having his wisdom teeth removed. He felt no pain‚ and it was a success (Poetry). Nitrous oxide did not have the strength to relieve
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materials. Among the major sources of air pollution are power and heat generation‚ the burning of solid wastes‚ industrial processes‚ and‚ especially‚ transportation. The six major types of air pollutants are carbon monoxide‚ hydrocarbons‚ nitrogen oxides‚ particulates‚ sulfur dioxide‚ and photochemical oxidants. One of the air polution is acid rain. Acid rain is some of the sulfur dioxide gases released as waste products from factories‚ cars‚ and power plants mix with water vapor in the atmosphere
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dioxide. Schematic drawing‚ causes and effects of air pollution: (1) greenhouse effect‚ (2) particulate contamination‚ (3) increased UV radiation‚ (4) acid rain‚ (5) increased ground level ozone concentration‚ (6) increased levels of nitrogen oxides. An air pollutant is a substance in the air that can have adverse effects on humans and the ecosystem. The substance can be solid particles‚ liquid droplets‚ or gases. A pollutant can be of natural origin or man-made. Pollutants are classified as
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ending with -ide -Greek prefixes are used CO-carbon monoxide CO2-carbon dioxide NO-nitrogen oxide PCl5-phosphorous pentachloride N2O5-dinitrogen pentoxide METAL AND NON-METAL METALS WITH FIXED OXDATION NUMBER-Give the name of the positive ion followed by the negative ion ending with –ide Al+3 O-2 =Al2O3 =aluminum oxide Mg+2 H- =MgH2 =magnesium hydride METALS WITH VARIABLE OXDATION NUMBER -ROMAN NUMERAL METHOD -give the name of the positive atom
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of greenhouse gases. Greenhouse gases Carbon dioxide‚ nitrous oxide‚ methane‚ and chlorofluorocarbons gases that absorb and hold heat from the sun‚ preventing it from escaping back into space‚ much like a greenhouse absorbs and holds the sun’s heat. Ozone depletion The gradual breakdown of ozone gas in the stratosphere above us caused by the release of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) into the air. Acid rain Occurs when sulfur oxides and
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paralyses‚ failure of the liver and kidneys‚ and can harm the reproductive system in both male and female animals. Vanadium can also cause DNA alterations. Vanadium also has other common forms such as Vanadium Oxide and Vanadium Pentoxide. Vanadium Oxide is more toxic than Vanadium. Vanadium Oxide is most commonly found in sulfuric acid. Vanadium Pentoxide is created when you weld vanadium in its pure state. The gases from Vanadium Pentoxide can cause bronchitis‚ pneumonia and in rare cases death.
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Tetrapyrrole compounds: chlorophyll and heme groups By Erwin Lim 1. Tetrapyrrole compounds A tetrapyrrole compound is a chemical group that consists of four pyrroles that are joined together by covalent bonds‚ forming a porphyrin ring. They are naturally occurring pigments‚ which are used in many biological processes (Berg‚ 2009). The basic structure of a tetrapyrrole is as seen in Figure 1‚ while the basic structure of a pyrrole is as seen in Figure 2. Figure 1.Tetrapyrrole Compound (Berg
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