effects on the human body. The key properties that are used to detect nuclear radiation include the ability to: * Geiger-Müller tube Geiger-Müller tubes work using ionising effect of radioactivity. It is best at detecting alpha particles because alpha particles ionise strongly.
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disorders (e.g. tumours) Iodine 131 has a half life of just over 8 days‚ emits beta particles and gamma rays as it decays. This half life is long enough for it to be transported form where it is produced to where it needs to be used but it is also short enough to minimise patients exposure to radiation It decays into non-radioactive gas‚ Xenon 131‚ which can easily escape without interfering bodily functions Beta particles can destroy abnormal tissue. Gamma rays allow external imaging to ensure target
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------------------------------------------------- DENTAL • MATERIALS * Study of physical and chemical properties of the metallic and non-metallic materials used in dentistry OBJECTIVES 1. In order to know the basic physical and chemical properties as they are related to its manipulation by the dentist. 2. To bridge the gap between the knowledge obtained in the basic courses like chemistry‚ physics and its relation… Physical properties: hardness‚ strength‚ brittleness Chemical
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Walid Assaf By: Farid Akiki 20082191 Semester: Fall 2012 Proton Therapy Proton therapy (also called proton beam therapy) is a type of radiation treatment that uses protons rather than x-rays to treat cancer. A proton is a positively charged particle that is part of an atom‚ the basic unit of all chemical elements‚ such as hydrogen or oxygen. At high energy‚ protons can destroy cancer cells. Proton therapy was first used for cancer treatments in the United States in 1974 at a physics research
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USA‚ as discussed in section~\ref{sec:A historical introduction}. \subsubsection{Atmospheric neutrinos} \label{sec:Atmospheric neutrinos} The primary cosmic-rays interact with the Earth’s atmospheric nuclei and produce showers of particles. Many of these particles are unstable and produce neutrinos when they decay as following: \begin{equation} \pi^{+} \longrightarrow \mu^{+} + \nu_{\mu} \end{equation} \vskip -1cm \begin{equation} \pi^{-} \longrightarrow \mu^{-} + {\overline{\nu}_{\mu}}
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Physics is a natural science that involves the study of matter and its motion through space and time‚ along with related concepts such as energy and force. More broadly‚ it is the general analysis of nature‚ conducted in order to understand how the universe behaves. Physics is one of the oldest academic disciplines‚ perhaps the oldest through its inclusion of astronomy. Over the last two millennia‚ physics was a part of natural philosophy along with chemistry‚ certain branches of mathematics‚ and
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of the universe. Modern measurements place this moment at approximately 13.8 billion years ago‚ which is thus considered the age of the universe.[2] After the initial expansion‚ the universe cooled sufficiently to allow the formation of subatomic particles‚ including protons‚ neutrons‚ and electrons. Though simple atomic nuclei formed within the first three minutes after the Big Bang‚ thousands of years passed before the first electrically neutral atoms formed. The majority of atoms produced by the
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of the universe.[8][9][10][11] After this time‚ the Universe was in an extremely hot and dense state and began expanding rapidly. After the initial expansion‚ the Universe cooled sufficiently to allow energy to be converted into various subatomic particles‚ including protons‚ neutrons‚ and electrons. Though simple atomic nuclei could have formed quickly‚ thousands of years were needed before the appearance of the first electrically neutral atoms. The first element produced was hydrogen‚ along with
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discovered it in cleveite mineral containing uranium‚ isolated the gas from the outside world in 1895. Later in 1907 British physicist Sir Ernest Rutherford showed that the nuclei of the helium atoms contained positively charged nuclear particles also known as alpha particles. PROPERTIES Besides hydrogen‚ helium is the lightest of all gases. The atomic weight of helium is 4.0026. In phase helium I: Helium becomes a liquid at -268.9°C‚ phase helium II: below -270.98°C becomes a superfluid. Helium
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nucleus that is seeking a more stable configuration by emitting radiation. Scientists have learned that more radioisotopes could be created by subjecting certain elements to radiation inside a nuclear reactor or bombarding them using a particle accelerator [2]. Nuclear medicine uses very small amounts of radioactive isotopes‚ or tracers‚ to diagnose and treat disease. A tracer having sufficiently long life span‚ or half life‚ should be selected to make it compatible with the duration
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